5 research outputs found
Der Uebergang in die S Phase
The association of two auxiliary factors, Cdc45 and GINS, into the CMG
(Cdc45/Mcm2 7/GINS) complex activates the pre-assembled Mcm2 7 hexameric
helicase in eukaryotes and leads in the cell cycle to the switch into S phase.
Protein-protein interaction studies in Psf1, a subunit of the GINS tetramer,
identified four critical amino acids, which are essential for assembling the
complex and, thus, for activation of the helicase. Cdc45 and GINS proteins
remain part of the CMG complex as the replication fork progresses along DNA;
however, their direct role remains elusive. A scope of the work presented here
is to investigate the role of the allosteric factor Cdc45 during
translocation. Surprisingly, Cdc45 directly contacts the leading strand in the
absence of nucleotide and displays no interaction with the lagging strand as
was earlier hypothesized. Residues in Cdc45 responsible for DNA binding were
identified and it was found that mutation of these residues diminished
helicase activity as well as processivity of the CMG complex, demonstrating
for the first time a direct effect of residues distal to the Mcm2-7 helicase
motor on the processivity of the entire CMG complex. All of the eukaryotic
Mcm2-7 subunits belong to the AAA+ super-family of ATPases and the ring
contains six active site pairs each between two adjacent subunits that bind
and hydrolyze ATP. Elimination of the conserved ATP-hydrolysis arginine finger
motifs demonstrate a functional asymmetry within the Mcm2-7 ring of the CMG
complex. The nucleotide dependence for DNA binding of CMG, and significant
crippling of DNA binding upon elimination of the most important active site
pairs suggest a direct correlation between defects in ATPase activity and DNA
binding by individual Mcm2-7 subunits. A detailed biochemical dissection of
CMG affinities for the leading and lagging strands separately also
demonstrates the importance of all six Mcm2-7 subunits for the subsequent
unwinding mechanism. Three candidate β hairpin motifs of each Mcm2-7 subunit
located in the central channel are implicated in DNA binding, and mutational
analysis was performed for different critical residues in these hairpins.
Side-by-side mutational comparison of isolated Mcm2-7 complexes to CMG helped
understand differences and similarities between the inactive and active form
of the helicase. Multiple interaction regions of the DmMcm2-7 proteins with
the leading strand in the central channel were identified. While the
N-terminal β-hairpins (NT-hp) in several Mcm2-7 subunits is crucial for DNA
binding in both the free Mcm2-7 and in the CMG complex, the Pre-Sensor1
β-hairpins (PS1-hp) of other subunits are only used for DNA binding in the
context of CMG. In contrast to NT-hp, primarily important for DNA binding, PS1
hp contribute directly to the translocation mechanism. The demonstrated
unequal contributions with a varying degree of importance of the six Mcm2-7
subunits in the binding and translocation of the leading strand suggest a
specific order of activity around the ring, that is in agreement with a model,
in which there is a sequential order of events around the Mcm2-7 ring during
strand separation with a specific start site for the âpower strokeâ.
Furthermore, data show that the lagging strand also binds a subset of Mcm2-7
subunits. Mutations on the external surface of the Mcm2-7 weaken CMGâs
affinity for this strand and decrease the helicase activity, suggesting a
wrapping of the lagging strand around the external surface during strand
separation.Die Assoziation der beiden Hilfsfaktoren, Cdc45 und GINS, in den CMG
(Cdc45/Mcm2 7/GINS) Komplex aktiviert die als Hexamer vormontierte Mcm2-7
Helikase in Eukaryonten und fĂźhrt im Zellzyklus zum Ăbergang in die S-Phase.
Protein-Protein-Interaktionsstudien identifizierten in Psf1, einer
Untereinheit des GINS Tetramers, vier Aminosäuren, die fßr den Aufbau des
Komplexes und damit fĂźr die Aktivierung der Helikase kritisch sind. Beide
bleiben Bestandteil des CMG Komplexes, und ein Schwerpunkt der hier
vorgestellten Arbeit ist es, die Rolle des allosterischen Faktors Cdc45
während der Translokation zu untersuchen. Cdc45 weist unerwartet einen
direkten Kontakt zum Leitstrang in Abwesenheit von Nukleotid und keine
Interaktion mit dem Folgestrang. Aminosäuren in Cdc45, die fßr das Binden von
DNA verantwortlich sind, wurden identifiziert und ihre Mutation reduziert
deutlich die Helikaseaktivität sowie Prozessivität des Enzyms. Erstmals wird
hiermit eine direkte Wirkung von Proteinregionen distal des Mcm2-7 Motors auf
den gesamten CMG Komplex gezeigt. Alle eukaryontischen Mcm2-7 Untereinheiten
gehÜren zur AAA+ Familie von ATPasen und der Mcm2-7 Ring enthält sechs aktive
Zentren jeweils zwischen zwei benachbarten Untereinheiten, die ATP binden und
hydrolysieren. Eliminierung der âArginin-Fingerâ Motife, die fĂźr die ATP
Hydrolyse verantwortlich sind, zeigen eine funktionelle Asymmetrie innerhalb
des CMG-Komplexes auf. Die Tatsache, dass die Interaktion von CMG zur DNA eine
Nukleotidabhängigkeit aufweist, und dass die Mutationen der wichtigsten
aktiven Zentren das Binden von DNA auflĂśsen, deutet auf eine direkte
Korrelation zwischen Defekten in ATP-Hydrolyse und Interaktion von einzelnen
Mcm2-7 Untereinheiten zur DNA. Eine detaillierte biochemische Untersuchung der
Affinitäten von CMG zum Leit-und Folgestrang zeigt die Bedeutung aller sechs
Mcm2-7 Untereinheiten bezßglich der Strangseparation auf. Drei β
Haarnadelmotive jeder Mcm2-7 Untereinheit gelten als Kandidaten fĂźr das Binden
von DNA, und eine Mutationsanalyse von kritischen Aminosäuren in diesen wurde
durchgefĂźhrt. Ein paralleler Vergleich der isolierten Mcm2-7 und CMG Komplexe
hat geholfen zu verstehen, welche Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen
der inaktiven und aktiven Form der Helikase bestehen. Mehrfache
Wechselwirkungen der DmMcm2-7 Proteine zu dem Leitstrang wurden innerhalb des
zentralen Kanals identifiziert. Während die N-terminalen β-Haarnadeln (NT-hp)
weniger Mcm2-7 Untereinheiten von entscheidender Bedeutung fĂźr die DNA-
Interaktion im isolierten Mcm2-7 sowie im CMG Komplex sind, sind die âPre-
Sensor1â β-Haarnadeln (PS1-hp) von anderen Mcm2-7 Untereinheiten nur fĂźr das
Binden innerhalb des CMG-Komplexes wichtig. Im Gegensatz zu NT-hp sind die
PS1-hp direkt fĂźr den Translokationsmechanismus verantwortlich. Die
demonstrierten ungleichen Beiträge der Mcm2-7 Proteine deuten auf eine
spezifische Reihenfolge der Aktivitäten im Ring, die im Einvernehmen mit einem
Modell sind, welches eine sequentielle Abfolge mit einem bestimmten Startpunkt
während der Strangtrennung vorsieht. Darßber hinaus zeigen die Daten, dass der
Folgestrang ebenfalls Mcm2-7 Proteine bindet. Mutationen auf der äuĂeren
Oberfläche des CMG Komplexes schwächen die Affinität zum Folgestrang und
fßhren zur Verringerung der Helikaseaktivität, was darauf hindeutet, dass
während der Translokation der Folgestrang sich um die äuĂere Oberfläche des
CMG Komplexes umwickelt
Cdc45 (cell division cycle protein 45) guards the gate of the Eukaryote Replisome helicase stabilizing leading strand engagement
DNA replication licensing is now understood to be the pathway that leads to the assembly of double hexamers of minichromosome maintenance (Mcm2-7) at origin sites. Cell division control protein 45 (Cdc45) and GINS proteins activate the latent Mcm2-7 helicase by inducing allosteric changes through binding, forming a Cdc45/Mcm2-7/GINS (CMG) complex that is competent to unwind duplex DNA. The CMG has an active gate between subunits Mcm2 and Mcm5 that opens and closes in response to nucleotide binding. The consequences of inappropriate Mcm2/5 gate actuation and the role of a side channel formed between GINS/Cdc45 and the outer edge of the Mcm2-7 ring for unwinding have remained unexplored. Here we uncover a novel function for Cdc45. Cross-linking studies trace the path of the DNA with the CMG complex at a fork junction between duplex and single strands with the bound CMG in an open or closed gate conformation. In the closed state, the lagging strand does not pass through the side channel, but in the open state, the leading strand surprisingly interacts with Cdc45. Mutations in the recombination protein J fold of Cdc45 that ablate this interaction diminish helicase activity. These data indicate that Cdc45 serves as a shield to guard against occasional slippage of the leading strand from the core channel
Cdc45 (cell division cycle protein 45) guards the gate of the Eukaryote Replisome helicase stabilizing leading strand engagement
DNA replication licensing is now understood to be the pathway that leads to the assembly of double hexamers of minichromosome maintenance (Mcm2â7) at origin sites. Cell division control protein 45 (Cdc45) and GINS proteins activate the latent Mcm2â7 helicase by inducing allosteric changes through binding, forming a Cdc45/Mcm2-7/GINS (CMG) complex that is competent to unwind duplex DNA. The CMG has an active gate between subunits Mcm2 and Mcm5 that opens and closes in response to nucleotide binding. The consequences of inappropriate Mcm2/5 gate actuation and the role of a side channel formed between GINS/Cdc45 and the outer edge of the Mcm2â7 ring for unwinding have remained unexplored. Here we uncover a novel function for Cdc45. Cross-linking studies trace the path of the DNA with the CMG complex at a fork junction between duplex and single strands with the bound CMG in an open or closed gate conformation. In the closed state, the lagging strand does not pass through the side channel, but in the open state, the leading strand surprisingly interacts with Cdc45. Mutations in the recombination protein J fold of Cdc45 that ablate this interaction diminish helicase activity. These data indicate that Cdc45 serves as a shield to guard against occasional slippage of the leading strand from the core channel