The role of IFN-γ production during retroviral infections: an important cytokine involved in chronic inflammation and pathogenesis

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plays a crucial role in viral infections by preventing viral replication and in the promotion of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, IFN-gamma can exert distinct effects in different persistent viral infections. The long-term overproduction of IFN-γ in retroviral infections, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), resulting in inflammation, may cause neuronal damage. This review is provocative about the role of IFN-γ during persistent retroviral infections and its relationship with the causation of some neurological disorders that are important for public health

Low bone mineral density among HIV-infected patients in Brazil

Decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) has been a complication among people living with HIV/AIDS. To investigate the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis among HIV-infected people living in São Paulo city, we studied 108 HIV-infected patients (79 men and 29 women). We extracted data from patients’ medical records and BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Median age of participants was 42 years (interquartile range [IQR] 36-48 years), and the median time since HIV diagnosis was 4.01 years (IQR 2-11 years). Patients had acquired HIV primarily by the sexual route (men who have sex with men 44%, heterosexual 49%). Median age, duration of HIV infection, duration of ART and CD4 nadir were similar for men and women. Plasma viral load was undetectable for 53 patients (49%). Median CD4 T cell count was 399 cells/µL (IQR 247 - 568). Twenty five patients (23%) had LBMD, and there was no statistically significant difference between men and women

Small cells lung epidermoid carcinoma in a HTLV1-infected patient: case report and literature review

The human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the first human retrovirus discovered. Since then, it has spread worldwide and is mainly associated with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV1-associated myelopathy (HAM). Its relationship, however, with other types of cancer is controversial. We describe the case of a patient presenting with small cells lung epidermoid carcinoma who had recently developed HAM, and a review of the literature related to these conditions. This is the first case of this type of lung cancer, the same of the first description in the literature, associated with HAM outside Japan

Genetic Markers of the Host in Persons Living with HTLV-1, HIV and HCV Infections

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are prevalent worldwide, and share similar means of transmission. These infections may influence each other in evolution and outcome, including cancer or immunodeficiency. Many studies have reported the influence of genetic markers on the host immune response against different persistent viral infections, such as HTLV-1 infection, pointing to the importance of the individual genetic background on their outcomes. However, despite recent advances on the knowledge of the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection, gaps in the understanding of the role of the individual genetic background on the progress to disease clinically manifested still remain. In this scenario, much less is known regarding the influence of genetic factors in the context of dual or triple infections or their influence on the underlying mechanisms that lead to outcomes that differ from those observed in monoinfection. This review describes the main factors involved in the virus–host balance, especially for some particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, and other important genetic markers in the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and other persistent viruses, such as HIV and HCV

Association of IFN-lambda 4, KIR and HLA-C polymorphisms in HTLV-1 subjects

As doenças virais têm sido importantes causas de morbidade e mortalidade nas últimas décadas, sendo que algumas delas são relacionadas com polimorfismos genéticos, que determinam a susceptibilidade do hospedeiro ou a resistência a essas infecções, influenciando na patogênese, além de desempenhar importante papel em respostas ao tratamento. Entre elas, destaca-se o HTLV-1, sendo que cerca de 10 a 20 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo possuem esse vírus. Apenas 5% dos indivíduos infectados desenvolverão algum tipo de doença relacionada a tal infecção, entre elas destaca-se a HAM/TSP. Apesar da complexidade, o entendimento das interações hospedeiro versus HTLV-1 é de fundamental importância para avaliar prognóstico clínico dos portadores assintomáticos, visto que as opções diagnósticas e de tratamento não são adequadas, até o momento, para determinar o risco de progressão para HAM/TSP. Com isso, este trabalho objetivou estudar a associação entre alguns marcadores virais, genéticos e imunológicos relacionados ao desenvolvimento de HAM/TSPem pacientes infectados por HTLV-1. O ambulatório de HTLV do Instituto de Infectologia \"Emilio Ribas\" (IIER) possui uma coorte de portadores de HTLV em seguimento há 19 anos, para o presente estudo foram selecionados 247 voluntários portadores de HTLV-1, por conveniência. Somente pacientes adultos, com seguimento ativo no ambulatório no período de junho de 2011 até julho de 2016 foram convidados a participar. Este protocolo foi aprovado pelo CEP do IIER (Nº13/2011), e o TCLE foi obtido de todos os voluntários participantes. Os indivíduos foram classificados de acordo com seu quadro clínico neurológico em dois grupos: Grupo I (160 assintomáticos) e Grupo II (87 HAM/TSP). Amostra de sangue venoso foi coletada e as células mononucleares separadas. O material foi utilizado para o ensaio de PVL e para a genotipagem de IFN-?4, HLA-C e KIR, pela técnica de qPCR . A análise estatística no modelo multivariado mostrou associação de risco para HAM/TSP com as variáveis LPA (p=0,001) e a idade (p=0,019), além disso, o polimorfismo doIFN-?4 no rs8099917 foi associado no modelo recessivo(OR=0,31, IC=0,105 - 0,961) como fator de proteção ao desfecho.:Esse modelo estudado explica 8% dos fatores de progressão e de proteção para HAM/TSP. Desse modo, estudos genéticos multicêntricos envolvendo análise de exoma e maior número de casos de HAM/TSP, deveriam ser realizados. O entendimento da patogênese da mielopatia pode oferecer marcadores de valor prognóstico importantes para o manejo clínico, além de contribuir para o achado de novas intervenções terapêuticas no futuro.The viral diseases have been major causes of morbidity and mortality in recent decades, some of which are related to genetic polymorphisms, which determine the susceptibility or resistance to these infections, influencing the pathogenesis, besides of playing an important role in responses to treatment. Among them, it is highlighted HTLV-1, in which around 10 to 20 million people worldwide. Only 5% of infected subjects will develop some kind of disease related to such infection, including HAM/TSP. Despite the complexity, the understanding of host interactions versus HTLV-1 is fundamental importance to evaluate clinical prognosis of asymptomatic subjects, once the diagnostic options and treatment are not adequate, so far, to determine the risk of progression to HAM/TSP. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association among some genetic polymorphisms, viral and immunological markers related to the development of HAM/TSP in HTLV-1-infected subjects. At the Institute of Infectious Diseases \"Emilio Ribas\" (IIER) has a cohort of HTLV subjects followed up for 19 years, for this study 247 volunteers with HTLV-1were selected for convenience. Only adult patients with active follow up in the period from June 2011 to July 2016 were invited to participate. This protocol was approved by the ethical committee at IIER (nº13/2011), informed consent was obtained. Subjects were classified according to their neurological status in two groups: Group I (160 asymptomatic) and Group II (87 HAM / TSP). Blood sample was collected and PBMCs The DNA was used to the PVL assay and IFN-?4, HLA-C and KIR genotyping using qPCR. It has been observed an association to HAM/TSP with LPA variables (p=0.001) and age (p=0.019) in the multivariable analysis. On the other hand, the polymorphism of IFN-?4 rs8099917 was associated in the recessive model (OR=0.31, CI=0.105-0.961) as a protective factor to HAM/TSP. This study explains 8% of progression and protective factors for HAM/TSP. Thus, multi-center studies involving genetic analysis and more cases of HAM/TSP, should be done. The understanding of the HAM/TSP pathogenesis can provide important markers of prognostic value for clinical management and contribute to the discovery of new therapeutic interventions in the future

Association of IFN-lambda 4, KIR and HLA-C polymorphisms in HTLV-1 subjects

As doenças virais têm sido importantes causas de morbidade e mortalidade nas últimas décadas, sendo que algumas delas são relacionadas com polimorfismos genéticos, que determinam a susceptibilidade do hospedeiro ou a resistência a essas infecções, influenciando na patogênese, além de desempenhar importante papel em respostas ao tratamento. Entre elas, destaca-se o HTLV-1, sendo que cerca de 10 a 20 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo possuem esse vírus. Apenas 5% dos indivíduos infectados desenvolverão algum tipo de doença relacionada a tal infecção, entre elas destaca-se a HAM/TSP. Apesar da complexidade, o entendimento das interações hospedeiro versus HTLV-1 é de fundamental importância para avaliar prognóstico clínico dos portadores assintomáticos, visto que as opções diagnósticas e de tratamento não são adequadas, até o momento, para determinar o risco de progressão para HAM/TSP. Com isso, este trabalho objetivou estudar a associação entre alguns marcadores virais, genéticos e imunológicos relacionados ao desenvolvimento de HAM/TSPem pacientes infectados por HTLV-1. O ambulatório de HTLV do Instituto de Infectologia \"Emilio Ribas\" (IIER) possui uma coorte de portadores de HTLV em seguimento há 19 anos, para o presente estudo foram selecionados 247 voluntários portadores de HTLV-1, por conveniência. Somente pacientes adultos, com seguimento ativo no ambulatório no período de junho de 2011 até julho de 2016 foram convidados a participar. Este protocolo foi aprovado pelo CEP do IIER (Nº13/2011), e o TCLE foi obtido de todos os voluntários participantes. Os indivíduos foram classificados de acordo com seu quadro clínico neurológico em dois grupos: Grupo I (160 assintomáticos) e Grupo II (87 HAM/TSP). Amostra de sangue venoso foi coletada e as células mononucleares separadas. O material foi utilizado para o ensaio de PVL e para a genotipagem de IFN-?4, HLA-C e KIR, pela técnica de qPCR . A análise estatística no modelo multivariado mostrou associação de risco para HAM/TSP com as variáveis LPA (p=0,001) e a idade (p=0,019), além disso, o polimorfismo doIFN-?4 no rs8099917 foi associado no modelo recessivo(OR=0,31, IC=0,105 - 0,961) como fator de proteção ao desfecho.:Esse modelo estudado explica 8% dos fatores de progressão e de proteção para HAM/TSP. Desse modo, estudos genéticos multicêntricos envolvendo análise de exoma e maior número de casos de HAM/TSP, deveriam ser realizados. O entendimento da patogênese da mielopatia pode oferecer marcadores de valor prognóstico importantes para o manejo clínico, além de contribuir para o achado de novas intervenções terapêuticas no futuro.The viral diseases have been major causes of morbidity and mortality in recent decades, some of which are related to genetic polymorphisms, which determine the susceptibility or resistance to these infections, influencing the pathogenesis, besides of playing an important role in responses to treatment. Among them, it is highlighted HTLV-1, in which around 10 to 20 million people worldwide. Only 5% of infected subjects will develop some kind of disease related to such infection, including HAM/TSP. Despite the complexity, the understanding of host interactions versus HTLV-1 is fundamental importance to evaluate clinical prognosis of asymptomatic subjects, once the diagnostic options and treatment are not adequate, so far, to determine the risk of progression to HAM/TSP. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association among some genetic polymorphisms, viral and immunological markers related to the development of HAM/TSP in HTLV-1-infected subjects. At the Institute of Infectious Diseases \"Emilio Ribas\" (IIER) has a cohort of HTLV subjects followed up for 19 years, for this study 247 volunteers with HTLV-1were selected for convenience. Only adult patients with active follow up in the period from June 2011 to July 2016 were invited to participate. This protocol was approved by the ethical committee at IIER (nº13/2011), informed consent was obtained. Subjects were classified according to their neurological status in two groups: Group I (160 asymptomatic) and Group II (87 HAM / TSP). Blood sample was collected and PBMCs The DNA was used to the PVL assay and IFN-?4, HLA-C and KIR genotyping using qPCR. It has been observed an association to HAM/TSP with LPA variables (p=0.001) and age (p=0.019) in the multivariable analysis. On the other hand, the polymorphism of IFN-?4 rs8099917 was associated in the recessive model (OR=0.31, CI=0.105-0.961) as a protective factor to HAM/TSP. This study explains 8% of progression and protective factors for HAM/TSP. Thus, multi-center studies involving genetic analysis and more cases of HAM/TSP, should be done. The understanding of the HAM/TSP pathogenesis can provide important markers of prognostic value for clinical management and contribute to the discovery of new therapeutic interventions in the future

Profile determination of IL28B polymorphism in individuals coinfected Chronic Hepatitis C (HCV) virus and human T-lymphotropic type 1 (HTLV-1)

O polimorfismo de IL28B foi descrito como fator importante na patogênese de infecções causadas por alguns vírus. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se polimorfismos (SNP rs8099917 IL28B e SNP rs12979860) foram associados na presença de HAM/TSP. Métodos: O estudo incluiu 188 pacientes do Instituto de Infectologia \"Emilio Ribas\" de São Paulo, divididos em três grupos: 117 Indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 (49 assintomáticos e 68 com HAM TSP), 47 Pacientes monoinfectados pelo vírus da Hepatite C (HCV) e 24 coinfectados pelo HTLV- 1 e HCV. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas, e o PBMC separado através da centrifugação por gradiente de densidade Ficoll-Hypaque. O DNA foi extraído usando um kit comercial, e armazenado a - 80 ° C e, a carga proviral do HTLV-1 foi quantificada. Os SNPs da IL28B na região rs8099917 e rs12979860 foram analisados em todos os grupos por PCR StepOnePlus. Resultados: A análise estatística usando modelo multivariado que incluiu as variáveis: gênero, idade, e carga proviral do HTLV-1, mostrando que o polimorfismo IL28B SNP rs12979860 não foi associado com a HAM/TSP. Em contraste, o SNP rs8099917 GG alelo foi associada com HAM/TSP, quando comprado aos indivíduos assintomáticos (OR = 6,25; IC95% = 1,22- 32,00). Conclusão: Pessoas com SNP rs8099917 genótipo GG podem apresentar uma resposta imune distinta contra a infecção pelo HTLV-1. Assim, parece razoável sugerir que uma pesquisa de polimorfismos IL28BSNP rs8099917 deve ser realizada em todos os indivíduos HTLV-1, a fim de monitorar o risco de desenvolvimento da doença.The polymorphism of IL28B was described as important in the pathogenesis of infections caused by some viruses. The aim of this research was to evaluate whether IL28B gene polymorphisms (SNP rs8099917 and SNP rs12979860) were associated with HAM/TSP. Methods: The study included 188 patients of the Institute of Infectious Diseases \"Emilio Ribas\" of São Paulo, they formed three groups: 117 subjects infected with HTLV-1(49 asymptomatic and 68 with HAM TSP), 47 chronic HCV monoinfected patients and 24 co-infected with HTLV-1 and HCV. Blood samples were collected and PBMC separated by density gradient centrifugation in Ficoll-Hypaque. DNA was extracted using a commercial kit, and the DNA was stored at -80 ° C for later analysis. Thereafter, the proviral load of individuals with HTLV-1 was quantified SNPs rs12979860 and rs8099917 in the region of IL28B were analyzed in all groups by PCR StepOnePlus system in real time. Results: A multivariate model analysis, including gender, age, and HTLV-1 DNA proviral load, showed that IL28B polymorphism SNP rs12979860 was not independently associated with HAM/TSP outcome. In contrast, the SNP rs8099917 allele GG was independently associated with HAM/TSP outcome (OR=6.25; IC95%=1.22- 32.00). Conclusion: Persons with SNP rs8099917 genotype GG may present a distinct immune response against HTLV-1 infection. So, it seems reasonable to suggest that a search for IL28B polymorphisms should be performed for all HTLV-1-infected subjects in order to monitor their risk for disease development; however, since this is the first description of this finding in the literature, we should first replicate this study with more HTLV-1-infected persons to strengthen the evidence already provided by our results

Genetic Markers of the Host in Persons Living with HTLV-1, HIV and HCV Infections

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are prevalent worldwide, and share similar means of transmission. These infections may influence each other in evolution and outcome, including cancer or immunodeficiency. Many studies have reported the influence of genetic markers on the host immune response against different persistent viral infections, such as HTLV-1 infection, pointing to the importance of the individual genetic background on their outcomes. However, despite recent advances on the knowledge of the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection, gaps in the understanding of the role of the individual genetic background on the progress to disease clinically manifested still remain. In this scenario, much less is known regarding the influence of genetic factors in the context of dual or triple infections or their influence on the underlying mechanisms that lead to outcomes that differ from those observed in monoinfection. This review describes the main factors involved in the virus–host balance, especially for some particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, and other important genetic markers in the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and other persistent viruses, such as HIV and HCV