Cemaran Bakteri Patogenik Pada Susu Sapi Segar Dan Resistensinya Terhadap Antibiotika* [Pathogenic Bacteria Contamination in Fresh Dairy Milk and Its Resistance to Antibiotic]

Fresh milk is a beverage with high protein contents that can be consumed either directly or as ingredient supplement into safely and healthy food. However, the milk also as a good media for development of pathogenic bacteria that also dangerous for human health. The aim of this research was to determine pathogenic bacteria contamination in fresh milk and its antibiotic resistance profiles to several antibiotics. Fresh milk samples were taken from milk cans belong to the farmers at 34 dairy cows centre in Cibungbulang, Bogor, West Java. The quantitative determination was conducted on 34 milk samples. Several parameters examined were based on the Indonesian Nasional Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia/SNI) No. 01-3141-1998 for Fresh Dairy Milk and SNI No. 7833-2009, such as total bacteria and coliform. The qualitative examination result for isolation and identification of bacteria were found that the milk samples consisted of 41.18% E. coli, 23.53% Streptococcus Gorup B, 8.82% Staphylococcus aureus, and none for Salmonella. The antibiotic resistence profiles were tested to 5 antibiotics. It showed that Escherichia coli isolates were resitance to penicilline (14.3%), oxytetracycline (21.4%), chloramphenicole (57.1%), and streptomycin (28.6%), whereas those Streptococcus Group B isolates were resistance to penicilline (12.5%), Oxytetracycline (37.5%), chloramphenicole (25.0%), streptomucin (87.5%), and ciprofloxacin (87.5%). Multiresistance of E. coli were found against 2 antibiotics, whereas Streptococcus against 2-3 antibiotics. This research indicated that fresh milk samples taken from farmers at Cibungbungang, Bogor were contaminated with several pathogenic bacteria and mostly highly resistance to 5 antibiotics testing

Occurrence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases among clinical bacteria isolated from Daura General Hospital, Katsina State, Nigeria

Background: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a major global challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. ESBLs are enzymes that confer resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins that are produced to counter resistance to normal betalactamase enzymes. Aim: This work was aimed at detecting the occurrence of ESBLs among clinical bacterial isolates at the study site. Methods: Three hundred and ninety nine (399) Gram negative bacterial isolates were collected from the study site and identified using standard biochemical tests. The isolates were screened for ESBLs using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoint and confirmed using Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). The standard antibiotic discs used were augmentin (AMC 30μg), cefotaxime (CTX 30μg) and ceftazidime (CAZ 30μg) [Oxoid, England]. Results: The results of CLSI breakpoint test showed that 206 (51.62%) were positive for ESBLs which include; Proteus spp 88(22.05%), E. coli 40(10.02%), Klebsiella spp 48(12.03%), Citrobacter spp 18(4.51%), Providencia spp 4(1.01%), Shigella spp 6(1.50%), Salmonella spp 2(0.50%). ESBLs confirmation using DDST revealed that 119 (57.76%) were positive for ESBL production viz; Proteus spp 66(32.04%), E. coli 8(3.88%), Klebsiella spp 28(13.59%), Citrobacter spp 12(5.82%), Providencia spp 2(0.97%), Shigella spp (31.46%), Salmonella spp 0 (0.00%) giving an overall ESBLs occurrence of 29.82%. Conclusion: The high occurrence of ESBLs observed among the clinical isolates implies that the enzymes occur at an alarming rate which may lead to high patient mortality due to treatment failure

Sikap & Pandangan Perkumpulan (Asosiasi) Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan terhadap Pasal 24 UU Sjsn Pemetakan dan Telaah Kritis Penyelenggaraan dan Pembiayaan Pelayanan Kesehatan Perorangan Sebelum UU No. 40 Tahun 2004 Tentang Sjsn

Background: Article 19 The National Social Security Act to set personal health service delivery in a Public Health Insurance System is applicable throughout lndonesia. Its implementation is further regulated by Presidential Decree as mandated by Article 24 paragraph 1 of the National Social Security Act. Purpose of the study to determine perception and the role of association which representing health care facilities about article 24. It is predictable to find out who can representing the health facilities in negotiating with the Social Security Administering Bodies (BPJS) and how the implementation mechanisms. Methods: Research design was cross-sectional, the qualitative data collection study involving 22 institutions and consisting of nine associations of health facilities in the central and localy (the city of Jakarta and Semarang, Districs Klaten and Purbalingga), includes: 1 GP Pharmacy, 5 health authorities, 5 health Army directorates/Police and the Armed Forces Headquarters and 2 the directorate in the Department of Health. This study was supported by various study literature and related documents extensively Results: There were some skepticism of the association on the effectiveness of the Association of National Health Insurance program. Terms region restriction should be defined further and Article 24 paragraph (1) can be implemented, whether an administrative area or boundaries refers to the work area of BPJS. Associations health facilities need to look at and comply with provisions of Act Book of the Civil Code if wish to engaged contracts with BPJS. Mechanism of the contract between BPJS and associations of health care facilities explain only one provision, namely: the amount of payments that must be agreed. Need some further explanation to adjust provisions of three parties (BPJS, health facilities and associations of health facilities) within building contract services delivery to insurers. Highlyexpected the more detail provision can be arranged on PJKN Presidential Regulation (PerPres PJKN)

Designing Gaussian Membership Functions for Fuzzy Classifier Generated by Heuristic Possibilistic Clustering

The paper deals with the problem of constructing Gaussian membership functions of fuzzy sets for fuzzy rules derived from the data by using heuristic algorithms of possibilistic clustering. Basic concepts of the heuristic approach to possibilistic clustering are reminded and the extended technique of constructing membership functions of fuzzy sets is proposed. An illustrative example is given and preliminary conclusions are made

Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation (Bme): a Case Study

Theoretically, the ultimate benefits of health development projects are reflected as increased incomes or tangible improvements in quality of life. They will only be forth coming if services provided by project have more direct effect for those who use the services. However the effects of health programs might be direct or indirect so that they are difficult to be measured comparing with other sectors. The study team conducted a study on Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation (BME) by using The Rural Health and Population Project (ADB Ill-Loan No.1299-lno) as objective of the study. The study was conducted in the year 2000, however, the results of this study is relevant to be published due to it is difficult to find the references, which showed the experiences of the BME study in the health sector. The prime objective of the Rural Health and Population Project was to assist the Government in raising the health status of the population and reducing total fertility rates through the improvement of quality, relevance, efficiency and effectiveness of community-based rural health and family planning (FP) delivery system. The Project adopted the following three strategic initiatives: (1) to change the role and orientation of the district hospital; (2) to improve community-based rural health, nutrition and FP service delivery and capabilities; and (3) to strengthen the organization and management at district level. To examine the extent, to which these reforms through the project implementation have intended benefits and effects, both individually and collectively, the evaluation team conducted a study to evaluate the progress on the field implementation of these reforms in the area of the project. The evaluation of benefits of projects will be conducted, whether or not the benchmarks of benefit monitoring was adequately documented when the project is prepared. The study team using a conceptual model called a Logical Framework (LF) a set of cause-and-effect relationship through which resources provided through the project are transformed so they contribute to achieving the objective of the intervention, and assumptions about external factors which affect these relationships. ALF enables one to describe a project in terms of three sequential relationships: inputs to outputs, outputs to effects and effects to impact. Assessment was used benchmark that information available in the project documents. Addition primary and secondary data needed was collected in the locations of the project. The study identified three group or stakeholders which have benefits of the projects; (1) the local authority; (2) The health provider; (3) the community or recipients. By using the benchmark which available in the regularly reporting and recording system the benefits of the project was assessed as; (1) no benefit; (2} minimal benefit; (3) and optimal benefit. Results of the study showed that (1) the local authority in general have optimal benefit, however several activities have minimal benefits; (2) the health providers have minimal benefit, some showed have no benefit, it is only improvement of medical services have an optimal benefit; (3) the community or recipients almost have optimal benefit