44 research outputs found
Time-frequency analysis of multiple fringe and nonsinusoidal signals obtained from a fiber-optic vibration sensor using an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer
In the case of multiple fringes and complex frequency measurements, the frequency of the output signal changes rapidly when the vibration changes and frequency breakdown takes place at the turning point. For a particular vibration signature containing many frequency components at different time intervals, it is often difficult to trace the direction of the vibration as well as individual frequency peaks. In such cases, advanced signal-processing scheme is necessary to decode the vibration signature. This paper investigates the data interrogation technique for multifrequency and complex signals of surface Vibration obtained from an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor. In this paper, wavelet transform (WT)-based signal processing methodology has been employed to count of optical fringes with special reference to signals having subfringes. A WT-based tool has also been developed for unambiguous identification of frequency components from a nonsinusoidal vibration. The results of such WT-based analyses are presented, and merits as well as demerits of the proposed methods are discussed
Constraints on Fluid Dynamics from Equilibrium Partition Functions
We study the thermal partition function of quantum field theories on
arbitrary stationary background spacetime, and with arbitrary stationary
background gauge fields, in the long wavelength expansion. We demonstrate that
the equations of relativistic hydrodynamics are significantly constrained by
the requirement of consistency with any partition function. In examples at low
orders in the derivative expansion we demonstrate that these constraints
coincide precisely with the equalities between hydrodynamical transport
coefficients that follow from the local form of the second law of
thermodynamics. In particular we recover the results of Son and Surowka on the
chiral magnetic and chiral vorticity flows, starting from a local partition
function that manifestly reproduces the field theory anomaly, without making
any reference to an entropy current. We conjecture that the relations between
transport coefficients that follow from the second law of thermodynamics agree
to all orders in the derivative expansion with the constraints described in
this paper.Comment: Typos corrected, References adde
Constraints on Superfluid Hydrodynamics from Equilibrium Partition Functions
Following up on recent work in the context of ordinary fluids, we study the
equilibrium partition function of a 3+1 dimensional superfluid on an arbitrary
stationary background spacetime, and with arbitrary stationary background gauge
fields, in the long wavelength expansion. We argue that this partition function
is generated by a 3 dimensional Euclidean effective action for the massless
Goldstone field. We parameterize the general form of this action at first order
in the derivative expansion. We demonstrate that the constitutive relations of
relativistic superfluid hydrodynamics are significantly constrained by the
requirement of consistency with such an effective action. At first order in the
derivative expansion we demonstrate that the resultant constraints on
constitutive relations coincide precisely with the equalities between
hydrodynamical transport coefficients recently derived from the second law of
thermodynamics.Comment: 46 page
Localization of Dirac-like excitations in graphene in the presence of smooth inhomogeneous magnetic fields
The present article discusses magnetic confinement of the Dirac excitations
in graphene in presence of inhomogeneous magnetic fields. In the first case a
magnetic field directed along the z axis whose magnitude is proportional to
is chosen. In the next case we choose a more realistic magnetic field
which does not blow up at the origin and gradually fades away from the origin.
The magnetic fields chosen do not have any finite/infinite discontinuity for
finite values of the radial coordinate. The novelty of the two magnetic fields
is related to the equations which are used to find the excited spectra of the
excitations. It turns out that the bound state solutions of the two-dimensional
hydrogen atom problem are related to the spectra of graphene excitations in
presence of the (inverse-radial) magnetic field. For the other magnetic
field profile one can use the knowledge of the bound state spectrum of a
two-dimensional cut-off Coulomb potential to dictate the excitation spectra of
the states of graphene. The spectrum of the graphene excitations in presence of
the inverse-radial magnetic field can be exactly solved while the other case
cannot be. In the later case we give the localized solutions of the zero-energy
states in graphene.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, to appear in Journal of Physics: Condensed Matte
The Relation between Firm-Level Corporate Governance and Market Value: A Study of India
Stable isotopes in the source waters of the Yamuna and its tributaries: seasonal and altitudinal variations and relation to major cations
Water samples from the Yamuna and its tributaries,
one of the major river systems draining the Himalaya, have
been analysed for their stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes
during three seasons (summer, monsoon and post-monsoon). The
data show clear seasonal and altitudinal variations; waters
from higher altitudes and those collected during monsoon
season are characterized by relatively depleted isotopic
composition. Regression analysis of
δD-δ18O data of samples collected during
summer and monsoon seasons shows that the slope of the
best-fit lines are nearly identical to those of precipitation
at New Delhi for the same period. The similarity in their
slopes suggests that the isotopic composition of
precipitation contributing water to these rivers are
reasonably well preserved in both monsoon and non-monsoon
seasons, however, during the non-monsoon period both rainfall
and river waters carry signatures of evaporation. The
'deuterium excess' in river waters during the three seasons
though overlap with each other, the values during October are
higher. This can be understood in terms of recycled moisture
contributions to precipitation. The 'altitude effect' for
δ18O in these waters is determined to be
0.11% per 100 m, a factor of about two less than that
reported for the Ganga source waters from similar altitudinal
range. The variability in altitude effects in rivers draining
the Himalaya seems to be controlled by the 'amount effect'
associated with the monsoon. The significant spatial
variability in altitude effect in these river basins, which
are a few hundred kilometers apart, suggests that
reconstruction of palaeoelevation in the Himalaya, based on
δ18O-altitude gradients, would depend
critically on its proper assessment in the region. This study
has established a relationship between total cation abundance
and δ18O in waters of the Yamuna mainstream;
total cations (corrected for cyclic components) double for a
1.4 km decrease in altitude as the Yamuna flows
downstream
Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies
The present study focusses on enhancement of the performance of a continuous bipolar mode electrocoagulation (CBME) system for removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and total phosphorous (TP) from a palm oil mill effluent (POME). The study was conducted in two major steps. First study focused on optimization of various process variables of a CBME system to maximize the removal of TOC and TP. Second step involved enhancement of the process by following three different methods: 1. changing the electrical conductivity of the POME; 2. arranging three CBME systems in series; 3. incorporating an aeration system in the CBME chamber. CBME technology, when applied in series, showed higher removals of TOC (88.31%) and TP (91.1%) compared to the other approaches. CBME system in series can be a feasible option for enhancement of the performance of the process
Saw dust and neem bark as low-cost natural biosorbent for adsorptive removal of Zn (II) and Cd (II) ions from aqueous solutions
The ability of saw dust and neem bark as low-cost natural adsorbents were investigated for adsorptive removal of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, initial metal ion concentration, and adsorbent dosage level and equilibrium contact time were studied. The optimum pH for adsorption was found to be 5 for Zn(II) and 6 for Cd(II). Kinetics data were best described by pseudo-second-order model. Mass transfer coefficients were also determined for individual adsorbents for removal of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models for Zn(II) and Cd(II) adsorption respectively. The adsorption capacities (qmax) for individual metal ions in terms of monolayer adsorption were compared with the other reported values. The sorption energy calculated by using Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm for different system indicated that the adsorption process is physical in nature. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant and the Gibbs free energy were determined for each system and results indicated the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. FT-IR studies were carried out to understand the type of functional groups in saw dust and neem bark responsible for metal binding process
Bioautography and its scope in the field of natural product chemistry
Medicinal plants, vegetables and fruits are the sources of huge number of bioactive lead/scaffolds with therapeutic and nutraceutical importance. Bioautography is a means of target-directed isolation of active molecules on chromatogram. Organic solvents employed in chromatographic separation process can be completely removed before biological detection because these solvents cause inactivation of enzymes and/or death of living organisms. They offer a rapid and easy identification of bioactive lead/scaffolds in complex matrices of plant extracts. Bioautography is a technique to isolate hit(s)/lead(s) by employing a suitable chromatographic process followed by a biological detection system. This review critically describes the methodologies to identify antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitor lead/scaffolds by employing bioautography. A significant number of examples have been incorporated to authenticate the methodologies. Keywords: Bioactivity, Bioassay, Bioautography, Detection principle, Thin layer chromatograph