Quantification de la variabilité biologique : impact de la variation des niveaux ambiants de contaminants

Les indicateurs de surveillance biologique servent de complément à la surveillance environnementale pour documenter, contrôler et prévenir l'exposition des travailleurs à des contaminants chimiques et varient selon des facteurs liés au travailleur et à son environnement. Dans une étude précédente, les auteurs avaient examiné les conditions individuelles responsables de cette variabilité. Dans cette publication, ils documentent l'influence de la variation des niveaux d'exposition sur la mesure de ces indicateurs. L'objectif : proposer un modèle de calcul mathématique de la variabilité totale en tenant compte des différentes sources. En complément avec les recherches précédentes dans le domaine, cette étude fournit aux intervenants québécois en santé au travail des informations essentielles sur la variabilité totale pouvant affecter les données de surveillance biologique. Les résultats seront utilisés pour comparer les variations attendues pour les paramètres de surveillance environnementale avec celle des indicateurs biologiques, selon différents scénarios d'exposition. Ces informations seront ajoutées au Guide de surveillance biologique de l'IRSST. Les diverses clientèles de l'Institut disposeront ainsi d'un outil d'aide à la décision relativement aux stratégies de surveillance biologique. Un outil informatique facilitant le calcul du nombre de prélèvement requis découlera également de cette recherche. [Auteurs]]]> Environmental Monitoring ; Air Pollutants, Occupational ; Models, Biological ; Monte Carlo Method ; Models, Statistical oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_CE64D42B5DC8 2022-05-07T01:27:20Z <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_CE64D42B5DC8 Drowning unconformities: Palaeoenvironmental significance and involvement of global processes info:doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.05.002 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.05.002 Godet, A. info:eu-repo/semantics/article article 2013 Sedimentary Geology, vol. 293, pp. 45-66 urn:issn:0037-0738 eng oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_CE67972F1441 2022-05-07T01:27:20Z openaire documents urnserval <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_CE67972F1441 Epistémologies médicales et socle épistémologique du médecin Kilani, N. Université de Lausanne, Faculté de biologie et médecine info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis masterthesis 2012 <![CDATA[Le terme complexe d'épistémologie médicale peut être explicité en définissant la médecine comme construite sur trois pôles fondamentaux et la relation qui lie ces trois pôles: le projet fondateur, l'objet du projet et les outils servant au projet. Ces trois pôles forment l'épistémologie médicale. Le projet est celui de soigner, ou encore de défendre contre la maladie: il s'agit d'agir sur le phénomène pathologique afin qu'il disparaisse. Or pour cela, il faut d'abord rendre ce phénomène visible. En d'autres termes, la construction du concept même de pathologie est indispensable au projet thérapeutique qui a besoin de faire apparaître son objet afin de pouvoir mieux le faire disparaître. L'objet dont on parle, c'est la maladie. Or, cet objet conceptuel doit être élaboré à l'aide d'outils conceptuels permettant de construire une représentation du modèle du pathologique. Ces outils sont toutes les théories conceptuelles de la maladie qui ont pu exister à travers les siècles et qui sont des application au domaine médical de différentes conceptualisations du monde, propres à chaque époque, telles que la philosophie ou la science par exemple. Le projet thérapeutique -­‐ faire disparaître le phénomène pathologique - exige donc tout d'abord l'existence de son objet -­‐ le concept de la maladie. Par la suite, il faut élaborer cet objet en un modèle de représentation de la maladie, modèle qui fournit un substrat sur lequel on peut alors appliquer des outils actifs qui, à leur tour, peuvent agir sur la maladie et tenter donc de faire disparaître le phénomène pathologique. Ces outils actifs, issus des outils conceptuels, sont en fait les techniques appliquées à la maladie. Nous distinguerons encore une troisième catégorie d'outils, faisant le lien entre les outils conceptuels et les outils actifs en rendant traductible par le corps le concept du phénomène pathologique: ce sont les outils sémiologiques. L'étude de l'épistémologie peut être définie comme l'étude de la production, de la construction et de la validation du savoir. Elle s'intéresse à comprendre comment est produite la connaissance scientifique. Or, cette production est construite de l'interaction entre les divers éléments qui définissent l'originalité des différents domaines de la science et que nous avons réunis dans les trois catégories du projet, de l'objet et des outils. Nous retrouvons ici les trois pôles fondateurs de la médecine, que nous avons définis plus haut en tant qu'objets d'étude de l'épistémologie médicale. Dans la première partie, théorique, de ce travail, qui est basée sur l'analyse de la littérature, nous nous intéresserons aux changements chronologiques de leur nature et de leurs relations dans le but de comprendre comment l'épistémologie médicale, en proposant une interprétation du phénomène pathologique, participe à la construction historique, culturelle et sociale de la maladie. La deuxième partie, pratique, est constituée de l'analyse d'interviews de médecins FMH et s'interroge sur la façon dont le médecin intègre, gère, interprète et applique l'héritage constamment en mouvement du savoir médical dans sa pratique de la médecine. En d'autres termes, comment du mélange d'un savoir médical historiquement transmis et du savoir acquis de son expérience, le médecin construit son propre socle épistémologique

The increased synthesis of inducible nitric oxide inhibits IL-1ra synthesis by human articular chondrocytes: possible role in osteoarthritic cartilage degradation

SummaryThe degradation of osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage is likely related to the synthesis and the release of catabolic factors by chondrocytes. Nitric oxide (NO) has recently been suggested as playing a role in cartilage degradation. Since NO production is largely dependent on stimulation by IL-1, its effects on factors regulating the IL-1 biological activity, such as IL-1ra, are of the utmost importance. This study examined and compared the level of NO production by normal and OA cartilage and chondrocytes, as well as studied the effect of IL-1-induced NO production on the synthesis and steady-state mRNA of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra).The NO baseline production by normal cartilage explants was undetectable but inducible by rhIL-1β. OA cartilage spontaneously produced NO. About a two-fold increase in NO production was found in OA rhIL-1β-stimulated (0.5–100 units/ml) cartilage as compared with the similarly stimulated normal cartilage. On chondrocytes rhIL-1β-stimulation (0.5–100 units/ml) produced a dose-dependent enhancement of both NO production and IL-1ra synthesis. Treatment with 200 μm Ng-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMA), a well known NO synthase inhibitor, induced over 70% inhibition of the NO production and a marked increased IL-1ra synthesis (average of 84%) and expression (mRNA level). Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin had no effect on both the NO production or the IL-1ra level.In the present study, we demonstrated the capacity of OA cartilage to produce a larger amount of NO than the normal controls, both in spontaneous and IL-1-stimulated conditions. These data support the notion that, in vivo, OA chondrocytes are stimulated by factors, possibly IL-1, which in turn may induce the expression of NO synthase, thus the synthesis of NO itself. Importantly, our results showed that the elevation of NO production may be an important factor in the pathophysiology of OA since it can reduce IL-1ra synthesis by chondrocytes. As such, an increased level of IL-1, associated with a decreased IL-1ra level, may be responsible for the stimulation of OA chondrocytes by this cytokine, leading to an enhancement of cartilage matrix degradation

Short Communication: Is Ethanol-Based Hand Sanitizer Involved in Acute Pancreatitis after Excessive Disinfection?—An Evaluation with the Use of PBPK Model

An occupational physician reported to the French Health Products Safety Agency (Afssaps) a case of adverse effect of acute pancreatitis (AP) in a teaching nurse, after multiple demonstrations with ethanol-based hand sanitizers (EBHSs) used in a classroom with defective mechanical ventilation. It was suggested by the occupational physician that the exposure to ethanol may have produced a significant blood ethanol concentration and subsequently the AP. In order to verify if the confinement situation due to defective mechanical ventilation could increase the systemic exposure to ethanol via inhalation route, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling was used to predict ethanol blood levels. Under the worst case scenario, the simulation by PBPK modeling showed that the maximum blood ethanol concentration which can be predicted of 5.9 mg/l is of the same order of magnitude to endogenous ethanol concentration (mean = 1.1 mg/L; median = 0.4 mg/L; range = 0–35 mg/L) in nondrinker humans (Al-Awadhi et al., 2004). The present study does not support the likelihood that EBHS leads to an increase in systemic ethanol concentration high enough to provoke an acute pancreatitis

Degradation of small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans by matrix metalloprotease-13: identification of a new biglycan cleavage site

A major and early feature of cartilage degeneration is proteoglycan breakdown. Matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-13 plays an important role in cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA). This MMP, in addition to initiating collagen fibre cleavage, acts on several proteoglycans. One of the proteoglycan families, termed small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), was found to be involved in collagen fibril formation/interaction, with some members playing a role in the OA process. We investigated the ability of MMP-13 to cleave members of two classes of SLRPs: biglycan and decorin; and fibromodulin and lumican. SLRPs were isolated from human normal and OA cartilage using guanidinium chloride (4 mol/l) extraction. Digestion products were examined using Western blotting. The identities of the MMP-13 degradation products of biglycan and decorin (using specific substrates) were determined following electrophoresis and microsequencing. We found that the SLRPs studied were cleaved to differing extents by human MMP-13. Although only minimal cleavage of decorin and lumican was observed, cleavage of fibromodulin and biglycan was extensive, suggesting that both molecules are preferential substrates. In contrast to biglycan, decorin and lumican, which yielded a degradation pattern similar for both normal and OA cartilage, fibromodulin had a higher level of degradation with increased cartilage damage. Microsequencing revealed a novel major cleavage site (... G(177)/V(178)) for biglycan and a potential cleavage site for decorin upon exposure to MMP-13. We showed, for the first time, that MMP-13 can degrade members from two classes of the SLRP family, and identified the site at which biglycan is cleaved by MMP-13. MMP-13 induced SLRP degradation may represent an early critical event, which may in turn affect the collagen network by exposing the MMP-13 cleavage site in this macromolecule. Awareness of SLRP degradation products, especially those of biglycan and fibromodulin, may assist in early detection of OA cartilage degradation

Regulation of the IGFBP-5 and MMP-13 genes by the microRNAs miR-140 and miR-27a in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>MMP-13 and IGFBP-5 are important factors involved in osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated whether two highly predicted microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-140 and miR-27a, regulate these two genes in human OA chondrocytes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. The effect of each miRNA on IGFBP-5 and MMP-13 expression/production was evaluated by transiently transfecting their precursors (pre-miRNAs) and inhibitors (anti-miRNAs) into human OA chondrocytes. Modulation of IGFBP-5, miR-140 and miR-27a expression was determined upon treatment of OA chondrocytes with cytokines and growth factors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>IGFBP-5 was expressed in human chondrocytes with its level significantly lower (p < 0.04) in OA. Five computational algorithms identified miR-140 and miR-27a as possible regulators of MMP-13 and IGFBP-5 expression. Data showed that both miRNAs were expressed in chondrocytes. There was a significant reduction (77%, p < 0.01) in miR-140 expression in OA compared to the normal chondrocytes, whereas miR-27a expression was only slightly decreased (23%). Transfection with pre-miR-140 significantly decreased (p = 0.0002) and with anti-miR-140 significantly increased (p = 0.05) IGFBP-5 expression at 24 hours, while pre-miR-27a did not affect either MMP-13 or IGFBP-5. Treatment with anti-miR-27a, but not with anti-miR-140, significantly increased the expression of both MMP-13 (p < 0.05) and IGFBP-5 (p < 0.01) after 72 hours of incubation. MMP-13 and IGFBP-5 protein production followed the same pattern as their expression profile. These data suggest that IGFBP-5 is a direct target of miR-140, whereas miR-27a down-regulates, likely indirectly, both MMP-13 and IGFBP-5.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study is the first to show the regulation of these miRNAs in human OA chondrocytes. Their effect on two genes involved in OA pathophysiology adds another level of complexity to gene regulation, which could open up novel avenues in OA therapeutic strategies.</p

Impact of biological and environmental variabilities on biological monitoring: an approach using toxicokinetic models

Biological monitoring of occupational exposure is characterized by important variability, due both to variability in the environment and to biological differences between workers. A quantitative description and understanding of this variability is important for a dependable application of biological monitoring. This work describes this variability,using a toxicokinetic model, for a large range of chemicals for which reference biological reference values exist. A toxicokinetic compartmental model describing both the parent compound and its metabolites was used. For each chemical, compartments were given physiological meaning. Models were elaborated based on physiological, physicochemical, and biochemical data when available, and on half-lives and central compartment concentrations when not available. Fourteen chemicals were studied (arsenic, cadmium, carbon monoxide, chromium, cobalt, ethylbenzene, ethyleneglycol monomethylether, fluorides, lead, mercury, methyl isobutyl ketone, penthachlorophenol, phenol, and toluene), representing 20 biological indicators. Occupational exposures were simulated using Monte Carlo techniques with realistic distributions of both individual physiological parameters and exposure conditions. Resulting biological indicator levels were then analyzed to identify the contribution of environmental and biological variability to total variability. Comparison of predicted biological indicator levels with biological exposure limits showed a high correlation with the model for 19 out of 20 indicators. Variability associated with changes in exposure levels (GSD of 1.5 and 2.0) is shown to be mainly influenced by the kinetics of the biological indicator. Thus, with regard to variability, we can conclude that, for the 14 chemicals modeled, biological monitoring would be preferable to air monitoring. For short half-lives (less than 7 hr), this is very similar to the environmental variability. However, for longer half-lives, estimated variability decreased. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resource: tables detailing the CBTK models for all 14 chemicals and the symbol nomenclature that was used.] [Authors]]]> Environmental Monitoring ; Air Pollutants, Occupational ; Models, Biological ; Monte Carlo Method ; Occupational Exposure eng https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_87512999B29B.P001/REF.pdf http://nbn-resolving.org/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_87512999B29B2 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/urn/urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_87512999B29B2 info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Copying allowed only for non-profit organizations https://serval.unil.ch/disclaimer application/pdf oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_8743 2022-02-19T02:25:36Z <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_8743 Impact des nouvelles associations thérapeutiques sur l'incidence du SIDA dans l'étude Suisse de Cohorte VIH = [Impact of new antiretroviral combiantion therapies on the risk of AIDS in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study] Egger, M. Sudre, P. Battegay, M. Wirz, M. Rickenbach, M. Ledergerber, B. info:eu-repo/semantics/article article 1998 Médecine et Hygiène, vol. 56, no. 2215, pp. 1382-1386 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/0025-6749 <![CDATA[L'étude suisse de cohorte VIH est un projet multicentrique qui a pour objet de suivre prospectivement l'évolution clinique des patients adultes infectés par le VIH. Nous avons analysé l'évolution de 6056 patients recrutés de 1988 à 1997, période pendant laquelle ont été successivement introduits des traitements antiviraux en monothérapie, puis en association, et plus récemment, les «traitements antirétroviraux à haute activité» (trithérapie). Un total de 6823 événements cliniques ont été répertoriés pour 17 584 personnes-années de suivi. L'incidence annuelle du Sida est passée de 73,6% pendant la période 1988-1990 à 8,5% en 1997. Cette réduction s'est accompagnée d'une augmentation relative de la fréquence des infections disséminées à Mycobacterium avium et des lymphomes non hodgkiniens. L'introduction des trithérapies représente une avancée majeure dans le traitement de l'infection VIH

Biological exposure indicators: quantification of biological variability using toxicokinetic modeling

Compartmental and physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling coupled with Monte Carlo simulation were used to quantify the impact of biological variability (physiological, biochemical, and anatomic parameters) on the values of a series of bio-indicators of metal and organic industrial chemical exposures. A variability extent index and the main parameters affecting biological indicators were identified. Results show a large diversity in interindividual variability for the different categories of biological indicators examined. Measurement of the unchanged substance in blood, alveolar air, or urine is much less variable than the measurement of metabolites, both in blood and urine. In most cases, the alveolar flow and cardiac output were identified as the prime parameters determining biological variability, thus suggesting the importance of workload intensity on absorbed dose for inhaled chemicals