Features of Nickel-Cadmium Batteries Recycling

The issue of operated-off alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries recycling is currently relevant due to a number of aspects: economic, environmental and social. It is most acute across the national corporation JSC Russian Railways. The article deals with some technological features of operated-off alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries recycling with valuable components being extracted (from the example of nickel-cadmium storage batteries of JSC ”RZD” rolling equipment). The results of leaching in Trilon B synthetic oxides solution, the presence of which is possible in the raw material being processed, are presented in the study. Based on the study of leaching processes of CdO, NiO, FeO, Femet and Fe2O3 in Trilon B solution, the dependence of complexing on the pH of the solution was revealed. The experimental site of the hydrometallurgical processing of the research center (OCGP IC) in the GMO KhMC PJSC ”Uralelectromed” was selected as the testing one for the technology proposed. As a raw material for the tests, a lot of negative lamellae packed in alkaline storage batteries of two different types were used. They were obtained as a result of preliminary drying and cutting at OOO Kursk factory ”Accumulator”. The particle size is 90% - 0.1 mm. The results obtained during the research allowed the author to formulate a hypothesis about the practical use of Trilon B for the processing of operated-off alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries with the extraction of valuable components having greater economic, environmental and social benefits compared to methods based on pyro metallurgy. Keywords: nickel-cadmium batteries, recycling, Trilon B, Russian Railways, hydrometallurgica

Case report of hypotonic dehydration with outcome in cerebral edema in a child

Dehydration is one of the most common disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism in young children. The reasons leading to the lack of water in the child’s body are very diverse. In clinical practice, a correct assessment of the pathophysiological mechanisms in various types of dehydration is necessary, which will allow timely identification of changes in various organ systems and conduct rational rehydration therapy. Water losses in children occur in a certain sequence. First of all, the intravascular subsector of the extracellular sector is subjected to water losses (clinical manifestations of dehydration in the child in this case are absent). If the pathological process continues, the intercellular subsector of the extracellular sector loses water, and then the patient first presents clinical symptoms: loss of body weight, dryness and brightness of the mucous membranes, reduction of subcutaneous fiber turgor, shrinkage of the mole in children of the first year of life, reduction of diuresis. Last of all, the intracellular sector loses its volume. Depending on the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid, isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic dehydration are isolated. The most difficult in children is hypotonic dehydration, which is accompanied by a low osmolarity of the extracellular sector with predominant losses of sodium from the body. A retrospective analysis of a clinical case illustrates water-electrolyte disturbances in hypotonic dehydration. The child developed extracellular hypotonic dehydration because of sodium and water loss through the gastrointestinal tract. Hypotonic dehydration is characterized by an extreme degree of dissonance of the water-electrolyte balance, that is, the patient has severe extracellular dehydration and intracellular hyperhydration (edema, cell swelling). In this clinical case, violations of the waterelectrolyte balance led to the development of cerebral edema against the background of the existing cerebral deficiency, and death

A climatology of surface ozone in the extra tropics: cluster analysis of observations and model results

Important aspects of the seasonal variations of surface ozone are discussed. The underlying analysis is based on the long-term (1990–2004) ozone records of the Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) and the World Data Centre of Greenhouse Gases, which provide data mostly for the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonal variations are pronounced at most of the 114 locations at all times of the day. A seasonal-diurnal variations classification using hierarchical agglomeration clustering reveals 6 distinct clusters: clean background, rural, semi-polluted non-elevated, semi-polluted semi-elevated, elevated and polar/remote marine. For the "clean background" cluster the seasonal maximum is observed in March-April, both for night and day. For those sites with a double maximum or a wide spring-summer maximum, the spring maximum appears both for day and night, while the summer maximum is more pronounced for daytime and hence can be attributed to photochemical processes. The spring maximum is more likely caused by dynamical/transport processes than by photochemistry as it is observed in spring for all times of the day. We compare the identified clusters with corresponding data from the 3-D atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1 covering the period of 1998–2005. For the model output as for the measurements 6 clusters are considered. The simulation shows at most of the sites a spring seasonal maximum or a broad spring-summer maximum (with higher summer mixing ratios). For southern hemispheric and polar remote locations the seasonal maximum in the simulation is shifted to spring, while the absolute mixing ratios are in good agreement with the measurements. The seasonality in the model cluster covering background locations is characterized by a pronounced spring (April–May) maximum. For the model clusters which cover rural and semi-polluted sites the role of the photochemical production/destruction seems to be overestimated. Taking into consideration the differences in the data sampling procedure, the comparison demonstrates the ability of the model to reproduce the main regimes of surface ozone variations quite well

Genotoxic effects of metabolic derivatives of the new drug phosphabenzide

Genotoxic action of four possible metabolites of the new tranquilizer phosphabenzide (acetylphosphabenzide, diphenylphosphinylacetic acid, phosphabenzide hydrazone with pyruvic acid, bis-1,2-(diphenylphosphinylacetyl)hydrazine) has been studied. These metabolites belong to slightly toxic phosphororganic compounds. The Ames Salmonella/microsomes tests performed on strains TA100 and TA98 showed that of these compounds only acetylphosphabenzide possessed mutagenic action. Metabolic activation of liver microsomes decreased the mutagenic effect. The mechanism of action of acetylphosphabenzide is likely to involve the formation of acetylhydrazine, capable of producing active electrophiles attacking DNA

Genotoxic Effects of Metabolic Derivatives of the New Drug Phosphabenzide

Genotoxic action of four possible metabolites of the new tranquilizer phosphabenzide (acetylphosphabenzide, diphenylphosphinylacetic acid, phosphabenzide hydrazone with pyruvic acid, bis-1,2-(diphenylphosphinylacetyl)hydrazine has been studied. These metabolites belong to slightly toxic phosphororganic compounds. The Ames Salmonella/microsomes tests performed on strains TA100 and TA98 showed that of these compounds only acetylphosphabenzide possessed mutagenic action. Metabolic activation of liver microsomes decreased the mutagenic effect. The mechanism of action of acetylphosphabenzide is likely to involve the formation of acetylhydrazine, capable of producing active electrophiles attacking DNA

Extended axion electrodynamics: Optical activity induced by nonstationary dark matter

We establish a new self-consistent Einstein-Maxwell-axion model based on the Lagrangian, which is linear in the pseudoscalar (axion) field and its four-gradient and includes the four-vector of macroscopic velocity of the axion system as a whole. We consider extended equations of the axion electrodynamics, modified gravity field equations, and discuss nonstationary effects in the phenomenon of optical activity induced by axions.Comment: 6 pages, 0 figures, accepted for publication in the Journal Gravitation and Cosmology, reported at the 14th Russian Gravitational Conference (Ulyanovsk, 2011

Cytokine status in posttraumatic synovitis on the background of systemic and intra-articular use of NSAID and ozone

Joint  damage  initiates aseptic  self-sustaining inflammation, which  contributes the  progression of post-traumatic destruction of tissues  not  only  in the  pathological focus,  but  also outside  it,  significantly expanding the zone of degenerative changes due to secondary alterations. One of the leading roles in pathogenesis of the inflammation belongs  to secreted  mediators-cytokines – that  impart to the cells the proinflammatory potential and  promote the  long-term inflammation. These  effects  lead  to  disorganization of extracellular matrix and progressive  disintegration of cartilage.  In this regard,  the development and implementation of new pathogenetic treatment methods of post-traumatic synovitis permits  to limit the area of secondary alterations and activate  reparative mechanisms in the lesion  from the early terms,  thus potentially improving the results of  rehabilitation treatment and  increasing efficiency  of  conventional therapy   in  post-traumatic synovitis. Numerous experimental and  clinical  studies  have proven  the  effectiveness and  safety of ozone  therapy, e.g., in degenerative joint  diseases.  Despite extensive  data  highlighting effectiveness of ozone  therapy  in articular pathology, the  study of cytokine profile  when  using this treatment of posttraumatic synovitis  was performed only in few works, thus emphasizing the prospects for further research in this direction. The study was aimed for investigation of cytokine status in the patients with posttraumatic synovitis subjected to intravenous and intraarticular ozone  therapy  in combination with intra-articular administration of xefocam.The  work is based  on  the  results  of examination and  treatment of 69 patients with  traumatic injuries  of the  knee  joint,  complicated by development of  post-traumatic synovitis.  Two  study  groups  were  formed, comparable in volume  and  type  of joint  injury.  The  patients from  group  I (35 cases)  received  conventional combined treatment. Among  the  mandatory measures, evacuation of a synovial-hemorrhagic punctate was performed from the cavity of damaged joint. Conservative therapy included NSAIDs, medications that improve microcirculation, at standard dosages, as well as physical therapy. In group II (34 patients), traditional therapy was supplemented with a 10-day  course of intravenous injectable ozone  therapy  with 200 ml of NaCl  solution at a concentration of 2.0 mg/l daily and intra-articular ozone injection at a concentration of 5 mg/l in a volume of 20 ml 5 times  in a day. During arthroscopy, lavage of the joint  cavity was performed with ozonated saline solution at a concentration of 2.0 mg/l.  The ozone  therapy  was combined with three  intra-articular injections of xefocam  at a dose of 8 mg, once  every 4 days. A patent for the  invention was obtained for this treatment technology (No.  2456988 of 27.07.12).  The cytokine profile was evaluated by the content of Pro-inflammatory (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17), regulatory (IL-2), Il-1β receptor antagonist, and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines by solid-phase enzyme  immunoassay with an indicator label in the  form  of peroxidase. Statistical analysis of the results was carried  out using the Student criterion. Combined therapy  of intravenous and intraarticular ozone therapy  in combination with intra-articular injections of xefocam  contributed to the inhibition of the  inflammatory response, which  is reflected in  the  dynamics of depression of the  studied  cytokines: simultaneous reduction of proinflammatory cytokines with the limitation of the growth of anti-inflammatory mediators. The final measurements showed a decrease in the content of proinflammatory cytokines: TNFα by 24.6% (p2   < 0.001);  IL-17, by 17.3% (p2   < 0.01);  IL-6, by 20.1% (p2   < 0.001);  IL-1β, by 19.1% (p2   < 0.001), with a decrease in regulatory IL-2  by 25.7% (p2   < 0.001) and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL–10, by 21.3% (p2  < 0.001); Il – 4, by 25.7% (p2  < 0.001); IL-1ra, by 24.4% (p2  < 0.001), when compared to the data obtained with conventional treatment. The  results  obtained allow us to evaluate  this method as highly effective  in the treatment of post-traumatic synovitis,  thus contributing to suppression of inflammatory response  and reduces the secondary alteration of joint tissue structures, preventing the progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis

Дифференциальная диагностика локальной формы гранулематоза с полиангиитом: поражение органа зрения и органа слуха (часть 2)

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a primary vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, characterized by necrotizing vasculitis with predominant involvement of small vessels of various localization and necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with multiple clinical manifestations. GPA remains one of the most severe and prognostically unfavorable systemic vasculitis. The second part of the article presents data on the differential diagnosis of the onset of the disease with the ocular and ear involvement, which requires an interdisciplinary approach and interaction between doctors of different specialties. In the refractory course of the local form of GPA, immunosuppressive therapy, including glucocorticoids and rituximab or cyclophosphamide, is advisable.Гранулематоз с полиангиитом (ГПА) – первичный васкулит, ассоциированный с антинейтрофильными цитоплазматическими антителами, характеризующийся некротизирующим васкулитом  с преимущественным вовлечением мелких  сосудов различной локализации  и некротизирующим гранулематозным воспалением с многогранными клиническими  проявлениями. ГПА остается одним из самых тяжелых и прогностически неблагоприятных системных васкулитов.  Во второй части статьи представлены данные о дифференциальной диагностике дебюта заболевания с поражения органа зрения и органа слуха, которая требует междисциплинарного подхода и взаимодействия между врачами разных специальностей. При рефрактерном течении локальной формы ГПА целесообразна иммуносупрессивная терапия, включающая глюкокортикоиды и ритуксимаб или циклофосфамид

Дифференциальная диагностика локальной формы гранулематоза с полиангиитом: поражение полости носа и придаточных пазух носа (часть 1)

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a primary vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, characterized by necrotizing vasculitis with predominant involvement of small vessels of various localizations and necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with multiple clinical manifestations. GPA remains one of the most severe systemic vasculitis with unfavorable prognosis. When analyzing the course of the disease, there are two variants of GPA, local (with lesions of the upper respiratory tract, URT, organs of vision and hearing) and generalized (with lesions of the URT, organs of vision and hearing in combination with the lungs and/or kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, nervous systems, skin involvement).The article discusses the differential diagnosis of the disease with the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses lesions onset, which requires an interdisciplinary approach and interaction of doctors of different specialties.Гранулематоз с полиангиитом (ГПА) – первичный васкулит, ассоциированный с антинейтрофильными цитоплазматическими антителами, характеризующийся некротизирующим васкулитом с преимущественным вовлечением мелких сосудов различной локализации и некротизирующим гранулематозным воспалением с многогранными клиническими проявлениями. ГПА остается одним из самых тяжелых и прогностически неблагоприятных системных васкулитов. При анализе течения болезни выделяют локальный (с поражением верхних дыхательных путей – ВДП, – органа зрения и слуха) и генерализованный (с поражением ВДН, органа зрения и слуха в сочетании с вовлечением легких и/или почек, а также желудочно-кишечного тракта, нервной системы, кожи) варианты ГПА.В статье обсуждается дифференциальная диагностика дебюта заболевания с поражения полости носа и придаточных пазух носа, которая требует междисциплинарного подхода и взаимодействия врачей разных специальностей