The PHENIX Experiment at RHIC

The physics emphases of the PHENIX collaboration and the design and current status of the PHENIX detector are discussed. The plan of the collaboration for making the most effective use of the available luminosity in the first years of RHIC operation is also presented.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure. Further details of the PHENIX physics program available at http://www.rhic.bnl.gov/phenix

Phenotype remodeling in neutrophilic granulocyte subsets CD64-CD32+CD16+CD11B+NG, CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11B+NG in de novo experimental model of viral-bacterial infection in vitro

A search for new targeted therapeutic strategies based on examining immunopathogenetic mechanisms for emerging co-infections is relevant and may further contribute not only to optimizing choice of immunotropic drugs, but also to achieving positive clinical and immunological remission for abnormal infectious processes. Previously, our studies found that recurrent viral-bacterial respiratory infections are associated with dysfunction of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) with varying degree of intensity in altered effector properties. NG dysfunctions are often associated with diverse phenotypic profiles characterized by varying density for expression level of functionally significant trigger receptors. The aim of the study was to pinpoint phenotype transformation in CD64-CD32+CD16+CD11b+, CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+ neutrophilic granulocytes in experimental model of viral-bacterial infection in vitro. We examined 52 peripheral blood samples collected from 13 healthy adult volunteers. Viral, bacterial and virus-bacterial infection was modelled in vitro by incubating blood-derived cell samples with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or in combination followed by assessing changes in immunophenotyping of CD64-CD32+CD16+CD11b+NG, CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+NG by using using MAbs CD16-ECD, CD64-FITC, CD32-PE, CD11b-PC5 conjugates (Beckman Coulter International SA, France). It was demonstrated that NGs from healthy adult volunteers were dominated by CD64-CD32+CD16+CD11b+NG as well as minor subset CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+ NG varying in expression density of membrane molecules. Percentage of the minor subset CD64+CD16+CD32+CD11b+ NG was significantly increased after exposure with dsRNA, fMLP and dsRNA+fMLP compared to untreated samples. Comparative analysis revealed that various immunotropic agents differed in affecting expression of surface receptor molecules CD16, CD32 and unidirectional effects, but of varying magnitude altering CD11b marker both in major and minor subsets. Preincubation with dsRNA followed by adding fMLP allowed to find that they co-stimulated expression of surface receptors in both NG subsets. We generated an experimental model of viral-bacterial co-infection in vitro by using fMLP and dsRNA and observed types of phenotype transformation in CD64-CD32+CD16+CD11b+ NG and CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+ NG subsets. This model can be used to evaluate transformation of other NG subset phenotypes, NG functional activity, features of NET formation as well as impact of various immunotropic agents on NG.Поиск новых таргетных терапевтических стратегий, базирующихся на изучении иммунопатогенетических механизмов возникновения коинфекций, является актуальным и может в дальнейшем способствовать не только оптимизации выбора иммунотропных лекарственных средств, но и достижению позитивной клинико-иммунологической ремиссии нетипично протекающих инфекционных процессов. Ранее нашими исследованиями было установлено, что возвратные вирусно-бактериальные респираторные инфекции ассоциированы дисфункциями нейтрофильных гранулоцитов (НГ) с разной степенью выраженности нарушений их эффекторных свойств. Зачастую дисфункции НГ сопряжены с различными фенотипическими профилями, характеризующимися разными уровнями и плотностью функционально значимых триггерных рецепторов. Целью исследования было уточнение вариантов трансформации фенотипа субпопуляций CD64-CD32+CD16+CD11b+Hr, CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+Hr в созданной экспериментальной модели вирусно-бактериальной коинфекции in vitro. Исследовано 52 образца периферической крови 13 здоровых взрослых добровольцев в возрасте от 21 до 32 лет. Для воспроизведения условий вирусной, бактериальной и вирусно-бактериальной инфекции образцы инкубировали с формил-метионил-лейцил-фенилаланин (fMLP), двухцепочечной РНК (дцРНК) и совместно, затем определяли фенотипические характеристики субпопуляций CD64-CD32+CD16+CD11b+Hr, CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+Hr с использованием конъюгатов МКАТ CD16-ECD, CD64-FITC, CD32-PE, CD11b-PC5 (Beckman Coulter International S.A., Франция). Анализ полученных данных продемонстрировал, что НГ здоровых взрослых лиц представлены мажорной субпопуляцией CD64-CD16+CD32+CD11b+ НГ и минорной субпопуляцией CD64+CD16+CD32+CD11b+ НГ с разной плотностью мембранных молекул. Минорная субпопуляция CD64+CD16+CD32+CD11b+ НГ значительно увеличилась под влиянием дцРНК, fMLP и дцРНК + fMLP по сравнению с интактными образцами. Сравнительный анализ моновлияния иммунотропных субстанций позволил выявить их разные эффекты в отношении действия на поверхностные рецепторные молекулы CD16, CD32 и однонаправленные, но разной интенсивности на CD11b, как в мажорной, так и в минорной субпопуляциях. Преинкубация с дцРНК с последующим добавлением fMLP в группе исследования позволила выявить эффекты совместного стимулирующего влияния субстанций на уровни поверхностных рецепторов обеих субпопуляции НГ. Нами была создана экспериментальная модель вирусно-бактериальной коинфекции в системе in vitro с использованием fMLP и дцРНК и установлены варианты трансформации фенотипа субпопуляций CD64-CD32+CD16+CD11b+Hr и CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+Hr Данная модель может быть использована для оценки вариантов трансформации фенотипа других субпопуляций НГ, изучения функциональной активности НГ, особенностей формирования NET, влияния на НГ различных иммунотропных субстанций

PHENOTYPE REMODELING IN NEUTROPHILIC GRANULOCYTE SUBSETS CD64(-)CD32(+)CD16(+)CD11B(+)NG, CD64(+)CD32(+)CD16(+)CD11B(+)NG IN DE NOVO EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF VIRAL-BACTERIAL INFECTION IN VITRO

A search for new targeted therapeutic strategies based on examining immunopathogenetic mechanisms for emerging co-infections is relevant and may further contribute not only to optimizing choice of immunotropic drugs, but also to achieving positive clinical and immunological remission for abnormal infectious processes. Previously, our studies found that recurrent viral-bacterial respiratory infections are associated with dysfunction of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) with varying degree of intensity in altered effector properties. NG dysfunctions are often associated with diverse phenotypic profiles characterized by varying density for expression level of functionally significant trigger receptors. The aim of the study was to pinpoint phenotype transformation in CD64(-)CD32(+)CD16(+)CD11b(+), CD64(+)CD32(+)CD16(+)CD11b(+) neutrophilic granulocytes in experimental model of viral-bacterial infection in vitro. We examined 52 peripheral blood samples collected from 13 healthy adult volunteers. Viral, bacterial and virus-bacterial infection was modelled in vitro by incubating blood-derived cell samples with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or in combination followed by assessing changes in immunophenotyping of CD64(-) CD32(+)CD16(+)CD11b+NG C.D64(+)CD32(+)CD16(+)CD11b(+)NG by using using MAbs CD16-ECD, CD64-FITC, CD32-PE, CD11b-PC5 conjugates (Beckman Coulter International SA, France). It was demonstrated that NGs from healthy adult volunteers were dominated by CD64-CD32(+)CD16(+)CD11b(+)NG as well as minor subset.D64+CD32+CD16+CD11b(+) NG varying in expression density of membrane molecules. Percentage of the minor subset.D64+CD16+CD32+CD11b(+) NG was significantly increased after exposure with dsRNA, fMLP and dsRNA(+)fMLP compared to untreated samples. Comparative analysis re vealed that various immunotropic agents differed in affecting expression of surface receptor molecules CD16, CD32 and unidirectional effects, but of varying magnitude altering CD11b marker both in major and minor subsets. Preincubation with dsRNA followed by adding fMLP allowed to find that they co-stimulated expression of surface receptors in both NG subsets. We generated an experimental model of viral-bacterial co-infection in vitro by using fMLP and dsRNA and observed types of phenotype transformation in CD64(-) CD32(+)CD16(+)CD11b(+) NG and.D64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+ NG subsets. This model can be used to evaluate transformation of other NG subset phenotypes, NG functional activity, features of NET formation as well as impact of various immunotropic agents on NG

Superluminal source of directional pulsed wideband electromagnetic radiation

A photoemission source of directional pulsed wideband electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region is developed, and the time profile of the generated pulse is investigated. The source is a vacuum photodiode of a parabolic shape in which a Cherenkov radiation pulse is formed by an electron current wave excited by an incident laser pulse and propagating along the surface of the anode mesh with a phase velocity higher than the speed of light. © 2014, Allerton Press, Inc

Superluminal source of directional pulsed wideband electromagnetic radiation

A photoemission source of directional pulsed wideband electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region is developed, and the time profile of the generated pulse is investigated. The source is a vacuum photodiode of a parabolic shape in which a Cherenkov radiation pulse is formed by an electron current wave excited by an incident laser pulse and propagating along the surface of the anode mesh with a phase velocity higher than the speed of light. © 2014, Allerton Press, Inc

Mathematical model of radiation heating of microelectronic device

Abstract: Radiation heating of a semiconductor crystal is considered. A model is constructed for transferring energy to the crystal by excess charge carriers, which are formed during the scattering of ionizing radiation. The energy distribution lost by the incident radiation in the crystal is calculated between the conduction electrons and phonons of the crystal lattice.Note: Research direction:Mathematical modelling in actual problems of science and technic

The Algorithm for Modeling Radiation Thermomechanical Effects in Cattaneo Approximation

Abstract: The effect of ionizing radiation on a micro-electronics product is considered. The propagation of heat and mechanical stresses is presented as a single process for the transport of crystal lattice phonons, conduction electrons, and holes of the valence band. A related model based on the equations of thermoelasticity is formulated. The transport of heat is described by the law of conservation of energy and the Cattaneo equation, a consequence of the kinetic equation for phonons. Lattice vibrations are considered in the approximation of the linear theory of elasticity. Difference schemes for solving model equations are developed.Note: Research direction:Mathematical modelling in actual problems of science and technic