14 research outputs found
Chomskyâs Theory of Mind: Concepts and Contents
Nowadays, it is very debatable among philosophers, psychologists, linguists and artificial intelligence scientists that what mind actually is, where it exists and how it works? Chomsky, the great philosopher and the main exponent of cognitive revolution tries to sketch the description of mind, its nature, mental processes, its structure as well as its relation with its other cognitive modules. It also examines innate and acquired knowledge of mind. In this paper, I shall argue about the capacities of the mind, why Chomsky called mind capacity as different from its ability and other faculties. This paper also describes the theories that are connected with the field of mind i.e, mind and language, linguistic mentalism, Modular mind, Cartesian mind, mind-body problem, Philosophical grammar, and thought processes like reasoning and perceptions. Firstly, I shall argue about, does Chomsky consider mind different from brain, consciousness and thought? Secondly, does Chomsky consider mind as a separate concept or he regards it as the constituent of language only? And thirdly, how Chomsky responds to rationalists and empiricists
Proposition The foundation of logic
Proposition are the material of our reasoning. Proposition are the basic building blocks of the world/thought. Proposition
have intense relation with the world. World is a series of atomic facts and these facts are valued by the proposition although
sentences explain the world of reality but canât have any truth values, only proposition have truth values to describe the
world in terms of assertions. Propositions are truth value bearers, the only quality of proposition is truth & falsity, that they
are either true or false. Proposition mirrors the world and explains how world is arranged in an orderly manner. It scans the
world(object) and are composed of atomic facts experienced and can be analyzed into propositions. Propositions are the
basic units of logic. The truth (affirm) and falsity (nego) are the qualities of the propositions and universality (generality)
and Particularity are the quantities of the propositions. There are propositions which are neither true nor false, they are
called Pseudo-Propositions and their quality are ipso-facto i.e meaningless. Propositions are used in computers with the
modifications brought by the modern logicians in the form of statements or logical sentences. The truth table of the logical
gates and binary operations (1,s or 0,s are due to the revolution of the modern logic or mathematical logic. It is a fact that
proposition cannot change the word but it shows the relation between the object and of the word.
Objectives: The objectives of this research is to explore the importance and need of propositions in logic. It also shows the
analysis of propositions and how a philosopher thoughts in terms of propositions or concepts. In this research problem it is
shown that propositions had been described in many ways by most of the philosophers and logicians from Aristotle to
contemporary philosophers. It also analysis the contribution of the philosophers towards proposition and its relation to the
world of reality. This research also describes the definition and nature of proposition
Remarks on Logic and Critical Thinking
This work is compiled for the students, research scholars,
academicians, who are interested in logic, philosophy,
mathematics and critical thinking. The main objective of this
book is to provide basics or fundamental knowledge for those
who have chosen logic as their subject in order to develop
analytical and critical ideas. It has been primarily developed to
serve as an introductory piece of work which includes
explanatory notes on different courses like Inductive logic,
Deductive logic, propositional logic, Symbolic logic,
Quantification logic, Modal logic and Critical thinking. Besides
this, it also includes illustrations in decision making and
scientific research methods in logic. This book is mainly devised
to clear fundamental problems of logic. It contains eight chapters
which are simply described and elaborated
TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SOCIETY: AN ANALYTICAL EXPLORATION
This paper clarifies the significance of philosophy for traditional societies and modern societies and their
evolution. In this paper ethics is the mainstream philosophy which studies and analyses the values of both
the traditional societies and modern ones. This paper is only the ethical study of the traditional values and
modern values. There are three ways to philosophize societies as traditional and modern: Ethical
perspective, economical and theological, but this paper deals only with the ethical approach. Philosophers
from ancient to modern era played an important part in the transformation of traditional into modern.
Morality and religion changed the mind of the nations towards development and ethical progress. In this
article ancient philosophy, medieval philosophy, modern philosophy and others religious philosophies of
India, china, and Muslim philosophies exercised key attempts to study traditional societies and modern
societies. This paper highlights the factors that are responsible for the vices in traditional societies and also
the elements that are productive for the promotion of modern societies
Concept of Manifestation Process in Kashmir Shaivism
This paper examines the concept of manifestation process in Kashmir Shaivism from Shiva tattva
to Prithvi tattva and their transcendental and immanent predicates (Prakrti and Purusa).This
paper also shows that the ultimate reality, Paramshiva, manifests itself into various forms which
likely represent the theory of causation. This research paper also provides answer to two
questions; First, how ultimate reality with its thirty-six principles or elements manifest in various
forms and what types of forms âDescentâ attains from the âuniversal selfâ? Second, how
manifestation process takes place from the âcosmic selfâ (universal consciousness) to a âlimited
selfâ (Jiva)? Since, this paper is based on philosophical exploration of manifestation process and
contains interpretation and argumentation of Pratyabhijna philosophy only; it excludes
manifestation due to Yogas (Upayas) and Karmas. Moreover, it explains the Trika form of reality
(Shiva/God, Shakti/World, and Nara/Man) and also the identity between âascentâ and âdescentâ.
Manifestation further investigates the union of Shiva and Shakti with Maya and displays its
character (Prakashvimarshmaya). This work further tries to describe the contribution of
Abhinavagupta in the concept of manifestation
UTILITY OF RATIONALITY IN ISLAMIC SHARIA
Reason or logic is elementary thought elucidated and emphasized in holly Quran and Hadith.
Every idea in the interpreted verses of Quran and Hadith has logical aspect to describe it.
Senses are the gate ways of knowing and reason is the hub of interpretation and organization.
We can say that senses only collect data and reason interprets it. Logic is derived from the
Greek word âLogosâ which means âArt of reasoningâ. Reasoning is of three kind: inductive
(from particular to general), deductive (from general to particular) and abductive reasoning
(from observation to hypothesis). In this research paper I will explain the philosophical
teachings of holly Quran and Hadith and also the philosophical problems which got birth
from the interpretation of the texts. Reason is the faculty of mind which helps us to
understand both the categorical verses and the metaphorical verses. Quran is the uncreated
word of God and Hadith is the saying and doings of the Prophet Muhammad (S. A.W)
Language and Thought: A Critical Appraisal to Wittgenstein and Fodor
This research explores the critical study of language and thought. It is a response to Wittgenstein and Fodor who believe in priority, superiority, and individuality of language and
thought. In this paper, we can resolve this language and thought dichotomy to discuss the concept of priority issue. We shall argue that language and thought are modular concepts inside mind and here are also other modules present in our mind. This paper determines the role of language and
thought and their priority in mind. Furthermore, this article shows inconsistency in priority, superiority and individuality. It also explores the role of quantification theory which discusses about the structure of thought and language, as well as about the model logic theory which
discusses about the semantic part of language a
Concepts In Muslim Philosophy
This book has been written as a basic introduction to the Muslim Philosophy. It comprises of some fundamental philosophical problems on which Muslim Philosophy is based upon. Muslim Philosophy is the philosophical study of interpretations and knowledge derived from the Quran, the Hadiths and other significant sources of teachings of Islam. Among these, Quran is the divine source of philosophy which explains the different aspects of world and guides to the true knowledge. Muslim Philosophy is the philosophy which discusses the fundamental problems of the world like existence, universals, mind, thought, language, God, world, soul, reality, knowledge and values. However, these problems or questions demand answers from the philosophersâ attitudes and points of view which are highlighted in this book at a beginnerâs level. It is also a matter of fact that these problems or issues could not be answered through other ways. The need of the hour is that the philosophical ways, Islamic principles and methods distinguish these matters of facts from other disciplines. So, this book is helpful for undergraduate, postgraduate, and multidisciplinary scholars and thinkers interested in studying the basics of the Muslim Philosophy. It is also a valuable source for those who are just interested in acquiring knowledge in the field of Muslim Philosophy. This work shall guide them to understand the basic principles of Islamic Philosophy. The most notable Muslim Philosophers who are mentioned in this book are: Al-Kindi, Al-Gazali, Ibn Rushd, Al-Farabi, Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, Ibn-Arabi, Sheikh Nurrudin Wali (Nund-Reshi), Ibn Tayamiyya, Ibn-Sina, Shah Waliullah, Hamza Makhdhoomi, Allama Iqbal and Lal Ded. Furthermore, a few other important concepts of philosophy that have been mentioned in this book are Mutazalism, Asharism, Sufism and Articles of Faith
CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL PROPOSITION (UDHARANA) IN NAYAYA PHILOSOPHY
proposition. Universal proposition is defined as the proposition in which the relation between
the subject term and the predicate term is without any condition, in which the predicate is either
affirmed or denied of the subject unconditionally. In nyaya logic the term vyapti is a universal
proposition or invariable relation between the middle term (linga/hetu) and the major term
(sadya) . According to the category of relation propositions are divided into categorical and the
conditional. Although proposition is a logical entity which is an assertion, either affirm or deny
the subject. Truth and falsity are the values of proposition. Universal proposition is of two kinds:
universal affirmative proposition and universal negative proposition while universality is the
quantity of the subject and affirmation or negation is the quality of the proposition. Anumana
(inference) is the knowledge of the objects which follows some other knowledge. In nyaya logic
Inference is a combined deductive-inductive reasoning consisting of at least three categorical
propositions and in it there are at least three propositions consisting of three terms, viz. the paksa
or minor term about which we infer something, the sadhya or major term which inferred object,
and the linga(probans) or sadana or middle which is invariably related to the major, and is
present in the minor. Indian inference resembles to the categorical syllogism of western logic. In
nyaya logic inference consisting of three propositions the first proposition is the conclusion of
the syllogism , the second is the minor premise and last the major premise which is totally
opposite of western logic. Syllogism of nyaya logic contains five propositions, called its
Avayavas or members. These are pratijna, hetu, udarana, upanaya, and nigamana. Middle term
have five characteristics in order to make five Figures of syllogism as Figure is the form of the
syllogism. These five characteristics, or at least four of them , must be found in the middle term
of a valid inference. If not, there will be fallacies(error in reasoning). Nyayikas give us three
classifications of inference. According to first inference is of two kinds, namely, svartha and
parartha. According to another inference is of three kinds, purvavat, sesavat and samanyatodrsta.
According to third classification inference is distinguished into kevalanvayi, kevala-vyatireki
and anvaya-vyatireki
Nature of Analytical Philosophy
This paper examines the nature of analytical philosophy, its need and the
importance in the contemporary world. In this write up I will investigate the role of logic, mind and language in the field of awnalytical philosophy. It further determines the development of clarification of complex statements into simple statements. What makes
analytical philosophy unique and what are the major significance that differentiates analytical philosophy from philosophy of mind, philosophy of logic and philosophy of
language. Analytical philosophy is the process of analysis in which we proceed from complexity to simplicity and clarity. In analytical philosophy, philosophers are using
analytical method to uncover those truths of the world and reality which are covered with linguistic ambiguity. Language plays an important role in analytical philosophy
because the clarification and simplification is the business of analytical philosophy.
World is made up of facts and facts are expressed and analyzed in language. Language is the representation of the world. I will also show the major contribution of analytical philosophers in explaining atomic world