Synthesis, characterization, molecular modeling and anti-algal activities of a Schiff base and its m+2 complexes

In present work Four new complexes of 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde -N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene)hydrazine have been synthesized with some transition metals, i.e. Ni+2, Cu+2 , Co+2 and Zn+2 in non-aqueous medium. Complexes were characterized by magnetic moment, conductance, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopic investigations including infrared, ultraviolet-visible and atomic absorption spectroscopy. To support experimental characterization, quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations were performed. Experimental results with the support of QM and MM computations highlighted the proposition about the ligand to be bound to the metal ions in a tridentate manner through its phenolic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and carbonyl group (C=O). On the basis of experimental and computational results, tetrahedral geometry is proposed for Cu+2 complex and distorted tetrahedral geometry is proposed for Zn+2 complex while octahedral geometries are proposed for Co+2 and Ni+2 complexes. For all compounds, anti-cyanobacterial (algicidal) activity was evaluated against three marine cyanobacteria i.e. Pseudoanabaena lonchoides, Lyngbya contorta, and Spirulina major. It was found that the metal complexes are more potent anti-cyanobacterial agents than the ligand

Analysis of Essential Elements in Commercially Important Lobster Species Collected From Coastal Areas of Karachi City, Pakistan

The study was undertaken to assess the sea food product having attractive environmental effects as they are important source of nutrients in human diets. A part from delicacy crustacean is of high value and appreciated food items, representing an important economic source in the last decade. The chemical composition and nutritional value of crustacean heavily investigated worldwide and composition benefit to human health have been much promoted. The lack of macronutrients in human leads to improper enzyme mediated metabolic functions and results in organo-malfunctions, chronic diseases and ultimately death. The aim of this study is to quantify the essential elements like Copper, Zinc, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium in different body parts of male and female lobster species. For this purpose lobster species were collected in year 2011 to 2013 from the different fish harbor of Karachi city. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) technique was used to analyze the Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg while Flame photometer was used to quantify the Na and K. The results were compared on the basis of WHO/ FAO values. The concentrations of selected essential metals were within the normal range in all the analyzed samples. Pearson correlation were applied to find out the inter metal relationship in different parts of lobster at significant level p < 0.01 or p < 0.05 and were found maximum relationship between the metals Cu:Zn, Zn:Na, Zn:K, Na:K, Na:Ca, Na:Mg, K:Mg and Ca:Mg in whole three years studied indicate that the strong correlation between the macronutrients and increasingly adverse impact of industrialization and urbanization on the commercially important lobsters community day by day

Analysis of Essential Elements in Commercially Important Lobster Species Collected From Coastal Areas of Karachi City, Pakistan

The study was undertaken to assess the sea food product having attractive environmental effects as they are important source of nutrients in human diets. A part from delicacy crustacean is of high value and appreciated food items, representing an important economic source in the last decade. The chemical composition and nutritional value of crustacean heavily investigated worldwide and composition benefit to human health have been much promoted. The lack of macronutrients in human leads to improper enzyme mediated metabolic functions and results in organo-malfunctions, chronic diseases and ultimately death. The aim of this study is to quantify the essential elements like Copper, Zinc, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium in different body parts of male and female lobster species. For this purpose lobster species were collected in year 2011 to 2013 from the different fish harbor of Karachi city. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) technique was used to analyze the Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg while Flame photometer was used to quantify the Na and K. The results were compared on the basis of WHO/ FAO values. The concentrations of selected essential metals were within the normal range in all the analyzed samples. Pearson correlation were applied to find out the inter metal relationship in different parts of lobster at significant level p < 0.01 or p < 0.05 and were found maximum relationship between the metals Cu:Zn, Zn:Na, Zn:K, Na:K, Na:Ca, Na:Mg, K:Mg and Ca:Mg in whole three years studied indicate that the strong correlation between the macronutrients and increasingly adverse impact of industrialization and urbanization on the commercially important lobsters community day by day

Bioconcentration Potential Studies of Heavy Metals in Fenneropenaeus penicillatus (Jaira or Red Tail Shrimp) along the Littoral States of Karachi City

Fenneropenaeus penicillatus (commonly known as Jaira or Red tail shrimp) is one of the commercially important and abundant species in the coastal areas of Pakistan and export to more than 40 countries world wide. It is a good source of nutrients for human diet because of its highly rich composition of protein, calcium and vitamins. The littoral state of Pakistan is facing much environmental issues during the last many years because of increasing pollution and human induced environmental changes which have gradually declined the export of shrimps. Crustacean species are considered as the bio-indicators of toxic materials due to their high affinity to accumulate heavy metals than fishes. The study was undertaken to quantify the heavy metals like copper, zinc, cadmium and lead in the Red tail shrimp. For this purpose biosamples were collected in year 2011 to 2013 from the littoral states of Karachi city, Pakistan. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) technique was used to analyze the Cu and Zn while Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GAAS) technique was used to quantify the Cd and Pb. Results were compared with the WHO/FAO/FDA values. The concentrations of selected heavy metals were within the normal range in all analyzed samples except for cadmium. Bioconcentration of cadmium was found much higher than the recommended value which is an alarming condition. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to find out the concentration variation of heavy metals in three years research study at p < 0.05. The results suggested that there is no significant effect of year wise variation on accumulation level of heavy metals in F. penicillatus.

Bioconcentration Potential Studies of Heavy Metals in Fenneropenaeus penicillatus (Jaira or Red Tail Shrimp) along the Littoral States of Karachi City

Fenneropenaeus penicillatus (commonly known as Jaira or Red tail shrimp) is one of the commercially important and abundant species in the coastal areas of Pakistan and export to more than 40 countries world wide. It is a good source of nutrients for human diet because of its highly rich composition of protein, calcium and vitamins. The littoral state of Pakistan is facing much environmental issues during the last many years because of increasing pollution and human induced environmental changes which have gradually declined the export of shrimps. Crustacean species are considered as the bio-indicators of toxic materials due to their high affinity to accumulate heavy metals than fishes. The study was undertaken to quantify the heavy metals like copper, zinc, cadmium and lead in the Red tail shrimp. For this purpose biosamples were collected in year 2011 to 2013 from the littoral states of Karachi city, Pakistan. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) technique was used to analyze the Cu and Zn while Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GAAS) technique was used to quantify the Cd and Pb. Results were compared with the WHO/FAO/FDA values. The concentrations of selected heavy metals were within the normal range in all analyzed samples except for cadmium. Bioconcentration of cadmium was found much higher than the recommended value which is an alarming condition. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to find out the concentration variation of heavy metals in three years research study at p < 0.05. The results suggested that there is no significant effect of year wise variation on accumulation level of heavy metals in F. penicillatus.

Synthesis, Characterization, In-Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2 Complexes of 3-(2-(2-hydroxy- 3-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazono)indolin-2-one

Four novel complexes of “3-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazono)indolin-2-one” have been synthesized with Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2. Physical and analytical techniques including CHN, IR, UV-Vis, AAS, molar conductivity values and magnetic susceptibility data were used to characterize all complexes. The bis Schiff base ligand i.e. 3-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazono)indolin-2-one, acted as a tridentate ligand and coordinated through phenolic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and carbonyl group. Low values of molar conductance suggested the non-electrolyte nature of all complexes. Elemental analysis of complexes indicated the 1:1 metal to ligand mole ratios for [Cu(Inh)(OAc)] and [Zn(Inh)(OAc)] metal complexes and 1:2 metal to ligand mole ratios for [Co(Inh)2] and [Ni(Inh)2] metal complexes. Square planner geometry is proposed for [Cu(Inh)(OAc)] and distorted tetrahedral geometry is proposed for [Zn(Inh)(OAc)] while octahedral geometries are proposed for [Co(Inh)2] and [Ni(Inh)2] metal complexes. Antimicrobial and antioxidant studies were performed for all compounds and it was discovered that the complexes are more potent antibacterial and antifungal agents while the ligand exhibited comparatively more DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil) radical scavenging activity than the complexes