Dust-ion-acoustic shock waves in a five component dusty plasma with positive and negative ions

The properties of dust-ion-acoustic (DIA) shock waves in a multi-ion dusty plasma containing Maxwellian distributed electrons, inertial positive and negative ions, immobile positively and negatively charged dust particles have been investigated. The standard reductive perturbation method is employed to derive the Burgers equation, which admits shock waves solution. It is observed that the DIA shock structures associated with positive and negative potential shock are formed depending on the plasma parameters (e.g. number densities ratio of electron-to-positive ion, negative ion-topositive ion, negative dust-to-positive ion, etc.) in such a five component multi-ion dusty plasma. The critical value, above (below) which positive (negative) polarity shock waves are formed, is analysed numerically. The relevance of our results to defferent interstellar space plasma situations are discussed

With good intentions: complexity in unsolicited informal support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. A qualitative study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Understanding people's social lived experiences of chronic illness is fundamental to improving health service delivery and health outcomes, particularly in relation to self-management activity. In explorations of social lived experiences this paper uncovers the ways in which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with chronic illness experience informal unsolicited support from peers and family members.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Nineteen Aboriginal and Torres Islander participants were interviewed in the Serious and Continuing Illness Policy and Practice Study (SCIPPS). Participants were people with Type 2 diabetes (N = 17), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (N = 3) and/or chronic heart failure (N = 11) and family carers (N = 3). Participants were asked to describe their experience of having or caring for someone with chronic illness. Content and thematic analysis of in-depth semi-structured interviews was undertaken, assisted by QSR Nvivo8 software.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Participants reported receiving several forms of unsolicited support, including encouragement, practical suggestions for managing, nagging, growling, and surveillance. Additionally, participants had engaged in 'yarning', creating a 'yarn' space, the function of which was distinguished as another important form of unsolicited support. The implications of recognising these various support forms are discussed in relation to responses to unsolicited support as well as the needs of family carers in providing effective informal support.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Certain locations of responsibility are anxiety producing. Family carers must be supported in appropriate education so that they can provide both solicited and unsolicited support in effective ways. Such educational support would have the added benefit of helping to reduce carer anxieties about caring roles and responsibilities. Mainstream health services would benefit from fostering environments that encourage informal interactions that facilitate learning and support in a relaxed atmosphere.</p