716 research outputs found
RulE: Neural-Symbolic Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Rule Embedding
Knowledge graph (KG) reasoning is an important problem for knowledge graphs.
It predicts missing links by reasoning on existing facts. Knowledge graph
embedding (KGE) is one of the most popular methods to address this problem. It
embeds entities and relations into low-dimensional vectors and uses the learned
entity/relation embeddings to predict missing facts. However, KGE only uses
zeroth-order (propositional) logic to encode existing triplets (e.g., ``Alice
is Bob's wife."); it is unable to leverage first-order (predicate) logic to
represent generally applicable logical \textbf{rules} (e.g., ``''). On the other hand, traditional rule-based KG reasoning methods
usually rely on hard logical rule inference, making it brittle and hardly
competitive with KGE. In this paper, we propose RulE, a novel and principled
framework to represent and model logical rules and triplets. RulE jointly
represents entities, relations and logical rules in a unified embedding space.
By learning an embedding for each logical rule, RulE can perform logical rule
inference in a soft way and give a confidence score to each grounded rule,
similar to how KGE gives each triplet a confidence score. Compared to KGE
alone, RulE allows injecting prior logical rule information into the embedding
space, which improves the generalization of knowledge graph embedding. Besides,
the learned confidence scores of rules improve the logical rule inference
process by softly controlling the contribution of each rule, which alleviates
the brittleness of logic. We evaluate our method with link prediction tasks.
Experimental results on multiple benchmark KGs demonstrate the effectiveness of
RulE
A Cancer Gene-Drug Connectivity Map for DrBioRight
https://openworks.mdanderson.org/sumexp22/1064/thumbnail.jp
Large Language Models are In-Context Semantic Reasoners rather than Symbolic Reasoners
The emergent few-shot reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs)
have excited the natural language and machine learning community over recent
years. Despite of numerous successful applications, the underlying mechanism of
such in-context capabilities still remains unclear. In this work, we
hypothesize that the learned \textit{semantics} of language tokens do the most
heavy lifting during the reasoning process. Different from human's symbolic
reasoning process, the semantic representations of LLMs could create strong
connections among tokens, thus composing a superficial logical chain. To test
our hypothesis, we decouple semantics from the language reasoning process and
evaluate three kinds of reasoning abilities, i.e., deduction, induction and
abduction. Our findings reveal that semantics play a vital role in LLMs'
in-context reasoning -- LLMs perform significantly better when semantics are
consistent with commonsense but struggle to solve symbolic or
counter-commonsense reasoning tasks by leveraging in-context new knowledge. The
surprising observations question whether modern LLMs have mastered the
inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning abilities as in human
intelligence, and motivate research on unveiling the magic existing within the
black-box LLMs. On the whole, our analysis provides a novel perspective on the
role of semantics in developing and evaluating language models' reasoning
abilities. Code is available at {\url{https://github.com/XiaojuanTang/ICSR}}
Extensive beam test study of prototype MRPCs for the T0 detector at the CSR external-target experiment
The CSR External-target Experiment (CEE) will be the first large-scale
nuclear physics experiment device at the Cooling Storage Ring (CSR) of the
Heavy-Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) in China. A new T0 detector has
been proposed to measure the multiplicity, angular distribution and timing
information of charged particles produced in heavy-ion collisions at the target
region. Multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) technology was chosen as part
of the construction of the T0 detector, which provides precision event
collision times (T0) and collision geometry information. The prototype was
tested with hadron and heavy-ion beams to study its performance. By comparing
the experimental results with a Monte Carlo simulation, the time resolution of
the MRPCs are found to be 50 ps or better. The timing performance of the
T0 detector, including both detector and readout electronics, we found to
fulfil the requirements of the CEE.Comment: 12 pages, 36 figure
Temperature fluctuation and acute myocardial infarction in Beijing: an extended analysis of temperature ranges and differences
PurposeFew studies examined the relationship between temperature fluctuation metrics and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) hospitalizations within a single cohort. We aimed to expand knowledge on two basic measures: temperature range and difference.MethodsWe conducted a time-series analysis on the correlations between temperature range (TR), daily mean temperature differences (DTDmean), and daily mean-maximum/minimum temperature differences (TDmax/min) and AMI hospitalizations, using data between 2013 and 2016 in Beijing, China. The effects of TRn and DTDmeann over n-day intervals were compared, respectively. Subgroup analysis by age and sex was performed.ResultsA total of 81,029 AMI hospitalizations were included. TR1, TDmax, and TDmin were associated with AMI in J-shaped patterns. DTDmean1 was related to AMI in a U-shaped pattern. These correlations weakened for TR and DTDmean with longer exposure intervals. Extremely low (1st percentile) and high (5°C) DTDmean1 generated cumulative relative risk (CRR) of 2.73 (95% CI: 1.56–4.79) and 2.15 (95% CI: 1.54–3.01). Extremely high TR1, TDmax, and TDmin (99th percentile) correlated with CRR of 2.00 (95% CI: 1.73–2.85), 1.71 (95% CI: 1.40–2.09), and 2.73 (95% CI: 2.04–3.66), respectively. Those aged 20–64 had higher risks with large TR1, TDmax, and TDmin, while older individuals were more affected by negative DTDmean1. DTDmean1 was associated with a higher AMI risk in females.ConclusionTemperature fluctuations were linked to increased AMI hospitalizations, with low-temperature extremes having a more pronounced effect. Females and the older adult were more susceptible to daily mean temperature variations, while younger individuals were more affected by larger temperature ranges
The First Case of Ischemia-Free Kidney Transplantation in Humans
Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been considered an inevitable event in organ transplantation since the first successful kidney transplant was performed in 1954. To avoid IRI, we have established a novel procedure called ischemia-free organ transplantation. Here, we describe the first case of ischemia-free kidney transplantation (IFKT). Materials and Methods: The kidney graft was donated by a 19-year-old brain-dead donor. The recipient was a 47-year-old man with end-stage diabetic nephropathy. The graft was procured, preserved, and implanted without cessation of blood supply using normothermic machine perfusion. Results: The graft appearance, perfusion flow, and urine production suggested that the kidney was functioning well-during the whole procedure. The creatinine dropped rapidly to normal range within 3 days post-transplantation. The levels of serum renal injury markers were low post-transplantation. No rejection or vascular or infectious complications occurred. The patient had an uneventful recovery. Conclusion: This paper marks the first case of IFKT in humans. This innovation may offer a unique solution to optimizing transplant outcomes in kidney transplantation
SIK2 inhibition enhances PARP inhibitor activity synergistically in ovarian and triple-negative breast cancers
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARP inhibitors) have had an increasing role in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers. PARP inhibitors are selectively active in cells with homologous recombination DNA repair deficiency caused by mutations in BRCA1/2 and other DNA repair pathway genes. Cancers with homologous recombination DNA repair proficiency respond poorly to PARP inhibitors. Cancers that initially respond to PARP inhibitors eventually develop drug resistance. We have identified salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) inhibitors, ARN3236 and ARN3261, which decreased DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair functions and produced synthetic lethality with multiple PARP inhibitors in both homologous recombination DNA repair deficiency and proficiency cancer cells. SIK2 is required for centrosome splitting and PI3K activation and regulates cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and sensitivity to chemotherapy. Here, we showed that SIK2 inhibitors sensitized ovarian and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and xenografts to PARP inhibitors. SIK2 inhibitors decreased PARP enzyme activity and phosphorylation of class-IIa histone deacetylases (HDAC4/5/7). Furthermore, SIK2 inhibitors abolished class-IIa HDAC4/5/7–associated transcriptional activity of myocyte enhancer factor-2D (MEF2D), decreasing MEF2D binding to regulatory regions with high chromatin accessibility in FANCD2, EXO1, and XRCC4 genes, resulting in repression of their functions in the DNA DSB repair pathway. The combination of PARP inhibitors and SIK2 inhibitors provides a therapeutic strategy to enhance PARP inhibitor sensitivity for ovarian cancer and TNBC
Nucleosome organizations in induced pluripotent stem cells reprogrammed from somatic cells belonging to three different germ layers
Variance and Semi-Variances of Regular Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Variables
In this paper, we define the variance and semi-variances of regular interval type-2 fuzzy variables (RIT2-FVs) as well as derive a calculation formula of them based on the credibility distribution. Following the relationship between the variance and the semi-variances of the regular symmetric triangular interval type-2 fuzzy variables (RSTIT2-FVs), a special type of interval type-2 fuzzy variable is discovered and proved. Furthermore, for applying the two measures, we propose the operational law for the variance and semi-variances of the linear function of mutually independent RSTIT2-FVs. Some numerical examples are illustrated. The consequences of examples prove that the formulas we proposed can be effectively applied to the calculation of the variance of RSTIT2-FVs. The results indicate that they play a great role in the application of variance of type-2 fuzzy sets in various fields
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