North American Wild Relatives of Grain Crops

The wild-growing relatives of the grain crops are useful for long-term worldwide crop improvement research. There are neglected examples that should be accessioned as living seeds in gene banks. Some of the grain crops, amaranth, barnyard millet, proso millet, quinoa, and foxtail millet, have understudied unique and potentially useful crop wild relatives in North America. Other grain crops, barley, buckwheat, and oats, have fewer relatives in North America that are mostly weeds from other continents with more diverse crop wild relatives. The expanding abilities of genomic science are a reason to accession the wild species since there are improved ways to study evolution within genera and make use of wide gene pools. Rare wild species, especially quinoa relatives in North American, should be acquired by gene banks in cooperation with biologists that already study and conserve at-risk plant populations. Many of the grain crop wild relatives are weeds that have evolved herbicide resistance that could be used in breeding new herbicide-resistant cultivars, so well-documented examples should be accessioned and also vouchered in gene banks

西南日本の小さな町におけるアカマツ林に依存した野生きのこ食習慣

[抄録] 西南日本に位置する小さな町, 奈良県平群町, において野生きのこ食習慣を調べた.常緑広葉樹が混生する落莫広葉樹林が二次林として優占し, 集落の周囲には竹林とアカマツ林が形成されている.ここでは, 200種以上のきのこ類が発生するが, 伝統的に9種のきのこしか採集・消費されてこなかった.これら9種のきのこはアカマツと共生する菌根菌に限られた.広葉樹林に発生する他のきのこ類は, たとえ商業的な栽培菌として知られた菌, あるいは特に東北日本で一般的に利用される菌であっても収穫されない.本研究は住民, アカマツ林, および菌根菌の緊密な関係を明らかにし, この関係は西南日本に典型的な野生きのこ食習慣を表現した. [Abstract] A wild mushroom food custom was investigated in the small town of Heguri, Nara Prefecture, southwestern Japan. Deciduous trees mixed with evergreen broadleaved trees dominate the slopes as a secondary forest, while bamboo stands and a Japanese red pine forest grow closely around the villages that make up the town. Here, more than 200 mushroom species grow in the stands and forests, of which only 9 are traditionally gathered and consumed. These nine species are limited to ectomycorrhiza-forming basidiomycetes associated with Japanese red pine as symbiotic partners. Other types of mushrooms found in the broad-leaved forest are not harvested, even though some are known as commercially cultivated fungi or are popularly used elsewhere, especially in northeastern Japan. This study revealed tight relationships among people, the red pine forest, and ectomycorrhizal fungi, forming a wild mushroom food custom typical to southwestern Japan.Copyright (c) 2005 日本きのこ学会 , rights: 本文データは学協会の許諾に基づきCiNiiから複製したものである,　relation: isVersionOf: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110008675269

西南日本の島状地域における野生きのこ食習慣

[抄録]　西南日本の野生きのこ食習慣における島状地域,鳥取県,岡山県,広島県の起因について,以前に提示した相関モデルを用いて中国地方の自然植生との関連において分析した.2つの要因,利用種数および保存のために塩蔵される種数と乾燥される種数との差,を用いた散布図において常緑広葉樹林帯にある地域と夏緑広葉樹林帯にある地域は異なるクラスターを形成した.利用種数と保存の方法は両地域間で有意に異なった.この結果は西南日本における島状地域の起因が,中国山地に分布する夏緑広葉樹林帯の地域がもつ東北日本と類似した食習慣にあることを示す.さらに,地方的な野生きのこ利用に関する限り,東北日本と西南日本にみられる2つの典型的な食習慣の境界は,地域の所在位置よりもむしろその地域の植生に対応している事は注目すべきである.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　[Abstract]　A cause of the insular area in southwest Japan, the Tottori, Okayama, and Hiroshima Prefectures, about wild mushroom food custom was analyzed by using a correlation model previously proposed in relation with the natural vegetation of the Chugoku District. In a scatter diagram representing the counts of two factors, number of species used and counts by subtracting the number of species that are dried from those that are salted for preservation, two clusters were separately depicted by areas located in evergreen broad-leaved forest zone and areas in summergreen broad-leaved forest zone. There were significant differences between the two areas both in the counts of number of species used and preservation processing methods. This result indicated that the cause of the insular area in southwest Japan would be attributable to similar food custom as that of northeast Japan which exhibited by some areas in summergreen forest zone distributing in the Chugoku Mts. Additionally, it should be noted that the bordering of the two typical food customs appearing in the northeastern and the southwestern regions of Japan corresponds to local vegetation of a given area rather than its location, insofar as local wild mushroomuse.Copyright (c) 2004 日本きのこ学会 , rights: 本文データは学協会の許諾に基づきCiNiiから複製したものである,　relation: isVersionOf: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110008675257

紀伊半島南西海岸域の7つの島々における大型担子菌類の多様性および種数-面積関係

[抄録] 紀伊半島南西海岸域に分布する7つの島で記録した大型担子菌類の多様性と種数-面積関係について, 島の生物地理学的観点から調べた.シロホウライタケ, チャヒラタケ, カレバハツ, ネンドタケ, ウチワタケ, アミスギタケ, アラゲキクラゲなどの種は4つ以上の島々で共通して観察された.外生菌根を形成するカレバハツを除いて, これらのほとんどの種が木材腐朽菌であったことは注目された.各島での記録種数は島の自然植生面積に対して, 慣例的な累乗式, S=cA^2, によく適合した.ここで, Sは種数, Aは面積, cとzは定数である.得られたz値, 0.350は, 本研究と類似の地理的条件をもつ他地域で調べられた維管束植物のそれと比較して小さく, 動物のそれよりも大きかった. 種数と陸群集からの距離との間に負の相関性はみられなかった.落合の指数で示した島間の種類似度は, 植生面積が似通った島問で高く, さらに共通の陸群集から近距離にある島間, あるいは近接して分布する島問で高かった. [Abstract] The biodiversity and species-area relationship of basidiomycetous macro fungi recorded on seven islands along the southwestern coast of the Kii-Peninsula were investigated from the viewpoint of the island biogeography. Some fungi such as Marasmiellus candidus, Crepidotus mollis, Russula castanopsidis, Microporus flabelliformis, Polyporus arcularius, Phellinus gilvus, and Auricularia polytricha were observed on four or more islands have in common. It should be noted that most of them are wood inhabiting saprophytes, except R. castanopsidis, which is an ectomycorrhiza former. The number of observed species on a given island was closely fitted to the natural vegetation area of the island by a conventional power function S=cA^2, where S is the number of species, A is the area, and c and z are constants. A deduced z value of 0.350 was relatively small in comparing with that of vascular plants but larger than that of animals that were assessed on other islands having similar geographical conditions with this study. There was no negative correlation between distance from the land community and the number of species. High similarities of the species composition between islands represented by Ochiai\u27s index were exhibited between islands with similar sizes of area, islands locate close to the same land community, or islands distribute in clump.Copyright (c) 2005 日本きのこ学会 , rights: 本文データは学協会の許諾に基づきCiNiiから複製したものである,　relation: isVersionOf: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110008675267

日本の野生きのこ食習慣を分析するための簡単なモデル

[抄録]　日本の野生きのこ食習慣に関する一般論について,民俗学者によって得られた情報を統計学的に分析した.東北日本と西南日本のそれぞれにおいて利用されるきのこの種数の分布は互いに大きく重複したが,両地域間で有意な差があった.2つの要因,利用種数および保存のために塩蔵される種数と乾燥される種数との差,を用いた散布図において両地域は互いに異なるクラスターを形成した.これらの結果から,日本の野生きのこ食習慣を分析するための,利用種数および保存方法からなる簡単なモデルを提唱した.このモデルを用いた中部日本における事例分析において,東北日本から西南日本に至る食習慣の推移が保存方法の差異によって明瞭に示された.さらに,三重県は多様なきのこを利用し保存する東北日本および収穫物を乾燥保存する西南日本の接触地帯として注目された. [Abstract] General thoughts about Japanese food customs regarding wild mushroom were statistically analyzed using information obtained by ethnologists. Although the distributions of the number of mushroom species used in the northeastern region and that in the southwestern region highly overlapped with each other, a significant difference was detected between the two regions. A scatter diagram representing the two counts, the number of species used and counts by subtracting the number of species that are dried from those that are salted for preservation, providing two separate clusters for the northeastern and the southwestern regions with some exceptions. These results deduced a simple model combining two factors, number of species used and method of process for preservation, to analyze Japanese food customs regarding wild mushrooms. A case study in central Japan by using this model, the transition of the custom from northeast to southwest was clearly shown in the difference of methods of preservation. Additionally, Mie Prefecture was pointed out as unique area which is a contact zone between northeast Japan, where variable species are used and preserved, and the southwest Japan where harvests are customarily dried for preservation.Copyright (c) 2004 日本きのこ学会 , rights: 本文データは学協会の許諾に基づきCiNiiから複製したものである,　relation: isVersionOf: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110008675245