The Level of Saliva Glutathione in Moderate Gingivitis Patients Increases After Gargling with 5% Cosmos (Cosmos caudatus) Extract

  Introduction: Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums caused by bacterial plaque accumulation producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reactive oxygen species is a harmful by-products from aerobic metabolisms of mitochondria, that when accumulated can cause large variety of diseases. Antioxidants can counter ROS activities. Oxidative stress may occur due to an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants. Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant that protects cells against oxidative damage. Cosmos caudatus is rich in antioxidants due to its flavonoid and phenolic contents. Objective: The aim of this study was to detect the concentration of saliva GSH in moderate gingivitis patients after gargling with a solution containing 5% Cosmos (Cosmos caudatus) extract. Methods: Twenty subjects with moderate gingivitis were divided into two groups—the treatment and control group—by drawing lots in a randomized controlled trial. The treatment group gargled with 5% Cosmos extract whereas the control group gargled with Chlorhexidine 0.1%. Each subject was required to gargle for 60 seconds every morning and night, for five days consecutively. The GSH level was measured before and after gargling on the sixth day after treatment using a spectrophotometer with wavelength of 412 nm. Data was analyzed using an independent T-Test (p <0.05). Results: The study showed there was significant difference between the saliva GSH level of each group before and after gargling; moreover, after gargling with the solutions, no significant difference of saliva GSH was found when compared between the treatment group and the control group. Conclusion: The level of saliva GSH increases after gargling using 5% Cosmos extract and has the same effect with Chlorhexidine 0.1%

The Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Periodontitis in Rats Fed a High-Cholesterol Diet on Macrophage Number

  Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the tooth-supporting tissue. P. gingivalis, which produces virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is the main pathogenic driver of periodontitis. However, the interaction between the innate immune system and periodontal pathogens in hyperlipidemia remains unclear. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) on macrophage activity in P. gingivalis LPS-induced periodontitis. Methods: Twenty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=7 rats each group): LPS-HCD, saline-HCD, LPS-basal diet (LPS-BD), and saline-BD. HCD group had been being feeding by high cholesterol diet (1% cholesterol (w/w) and 0.5% cholic acid (w/w)) for 30 days before were injected with 0.2 ml of P. gingivalis ATCC 3277 LPS (LPS-HCD group) and saline (saline-HCD group). The other two groups had been being feeding by normal basal diet for 30 days before were injected with 0.2 ml of P. gingivalis ATCC 3277 LPS (LPS-BD group) and saline (saline-BD group). Rats were sacrificed and lower jaws were harvested and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin section of lower right and left incisor were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E). The total number of macrophages was counted using a light microscope at a magnification of 400× from 10 fields of view. Results: The number of macrophages in the LPS-HCD group was the highest compare to LPS- BD, saline-HCD, and saline-BD groups. In addition, LPS-BD group had higher number of macrophage than saline-BD group which had the lowest number of macrophages. Conclusion: HCD and P. gingivalis LPS-induced periodontitis can contribute to increasing of macrophage activity in periodontitis. Thus, HCD itself can enhance the process of inflammation in periodontitis

Hidrofobisitas bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 setelah dipapar dengan ekstrak lidah buaya (Aloe vera)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa merupakan salah satu mikroorganisme dengan kemampuan melekat dan membentuk biofilm pada dental unit waterline yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi nosokomial dan infeksi sekunder periapikal terutama pada pasien yang memiliki sistem imun yang rendah dan tidak stabil. Hidrofobisitas merupakan sifat fisikokimiawi utama yang berperan pada tahap awal adhesi bakteri dan pembentukan biofilm. Tanaman lidah buaya (Aloe vera) berpotensi menghambat perlekatan bakteri karena mengandung komponen aktif seperti tanin, flavonoid,saponin dan terpenoid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak lidah buaya terhadap hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian eksperimental laboratoris yang menggunakan sampel berjumlah 24 yang terbagi dalam empat kelompok yaitu satu kelompok kontrol negatif dan tiga kelompok perlakuan dengan masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari enam sampel. Lidah buaya diekstraksi denganmenggunakan metode maserasi kemudian diencerkan dengan menggunakan akuades. Pengamatan hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 menggunakan metode pengukuran sudut kontak. Suspensi bakteri dicampur dengan akuades pada kelompok kontrol dan ekstrak lidah buaya pada subkelompok perlakuan dengan konsentrasi masingmasing 8,5%, 17%, dan 34%. Suspensi yang telah tercampur diinkubasi, kemudian didepositkan ke dalam membranfilter selulosa asetat. Pada membran filter selulosa asetat dilakukan drop-profile analysis dan dilanjutkan dengan pengukuran sudut kontak menggunakan software Image-J. Selanjutnya data dianalisis menggunakan uji One-way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan post hoc LSD (p < 0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks hidrofobisitas tertinggi terlihat pada kontrol negatif dan indeks hidrofobisitas terendah terlihat pada kelompok ekstrak lidah buaya dengankonsentrasi 34%. Hasil One-way ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak lidah buaya pada semua kelompok signifikan dalam menurunkan hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145. Hasil LSD test menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak lidah buaya dengan konsentrasi 34% merupakan konsentrasi yang paling efektif dalam menurunkan hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ekstrak lidah buaya bermakna menurunkan hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 dan konsentrasi 34% memiliki efek tertinggi dalam menurunkan hidrofobisitas P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi 8,5% dan 17%

Pementaan dan faktor risiko sosioekonomi dan perilaku terhadap kejadian penyakit periodontal di kecamatan pundong kabupaten bantul

Periodontal disease is pathological damage that affects the tooth supporting tissues. Systemic conditions largely influence its pathogenesis. Besides, environmental, socioeconomic, behavioural, environmental and geographic factors can affect individuals experiencing periodontal disease. Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used to analyze the differences of these factors, especially those relating to geographic differences, demographic factors, social, etc. Pundong district has geographical and socio-economic variation. This study aims to describe the distribution of patients with periodontal disease based on socioeconomic and behavioral factors. The type of study was an observational analytic survey with a cross-sectional design. The subject of research is determined by Registry Based Study approach where Pundong Community Health Center as the primary data source in this research. Independent variable is periodontal disease, while the dependent variable is a socioeconomic factor and health behaviour. Overview of periodontal disease mapping using ArcGIS, with an overlay method or combining two layers, namely the administrative map of Pundong District and coordinates of patients with periodontal disease. Univariate and bivariate analysis using Stata to analyze the distribution and the relationship of each variable. Generalized periodontitis often occurs in Seloharjo. Seloharjo has the most deprived people in Pundong Sub-district. The variables significantly associated with periodontal disease severity were economic status and brushing behaviour (p-value <0.05)