Evaluation of metabolic syndrome in adults of Talca city, Chile

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Optimal tolerance design for products with correlated characteristics by considering the present worth of quality loss

The quality loss function proposed by Taguchi provides a quantitative measurement of product quality when product’s quality characteristic value deviates from the ideal target at an arbitrary time. However, product use causes degradation on its quality characteristic, and since such a deviation can be changing over time, so can its quality loss. The quality loss caused by degradation on quality characteristic has not been considered in most research. In this paper, the time value of money for quality loss and product degradation over time is integrated into the total cost model, and a new optimization model for the tolerance design of products with correlated characteristics is established. The discussions focus on the multivariate quality loss function as an extension of the Taguchi loss function, which is used to model quality loss due to product degradation as a continuous cash flow function under continuous compounding. The optimal tolerance design is achieved by minimizing the total cost, which is the sum of manufacturing cost and the present worth of expected quality loss. An illustrative example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model

Elevated total cholesterol: its prevalence and population attributable fraction for mortality from coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke in the Asia-Pacific region

© 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.BackgroundAbout half of the world's cases of cardiovascular disease occur in the Asia-Pacific region. The contribution of serum total cholesterol (TC) to this burden is poorly quantified.DesignThe most recent nationally representative data on TC distributions for countries in the region were sought. Individual participant data from 380,483 adults in the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration were used to estimate associations between TC and cardiovascular disease.MethodsHigh TC was defined as > or =6.2 mmol/l, and nonoptimal TC as > or =3.8 mmol/l. Hazard ratios for fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischaemic stroke (IS) were found from Cox models. Sex-specific population attributable fractions for high TC and nonoptimal TC were estimated for each country. The former used conventional methods, based on single measures of TC and a fixed dichotomy of risk strata; the latter took account of the continuous positive association between TC and both CHD and IS and regression dilution.ResultsData were available from 16 countries. Where reported, the prevalence of high TC ranged from 4 to 27%. The fraction of fatal CHD and IS attributable to high TC ranged from 0 to 14% and 0 to 15%, respectively. Although leaving the relative ranking of countries much the same, the fractions estimated for nonoptimal TC were typically at least twice as big, ranging from 0 to 47% and 0 to 35%, respectively.ConclusionConventional methods for estimating disease burden severely underestimate the effect of TC. Cholesterol-lowering strategies could have a tremendous effect in reducing cardiovascular deaths in this populous region.Mark Woodward, Alexandra Martiniuk, Crystal Man Ying Lee, Tai Hing Lam, Stephen Vanderhoorn, Hirotsugu Ueshima, Xianghua Fang, Hyeon Chang Kim, Anthony Rodgers, Anushka Patel, Konrad Jamrozik, Rachel Huxley, for the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboratio