ニワトリの神経におけるCholinesteraseの軸索内移動

1. The axoplasmic transport of cholinesterases was investigated in chicken vagus and sciatic nerve trunks by the ligature method. 2. Even 48 hours after ligation, the nerve segments in which the increased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was observed were ristricted within 5mm from the ligature. The activity of AChE in these segments increased linearly until 24 hours or 48 hours after ligation. 3. Two ligatures were made on sciatic nerve trunks and the change in activity of AChE between them was investigated. And it was found that only about 13% of AChE was moved by fast flow. The velocity was 233. 8mm/day in the anterograde and 97.7mm/day in the retrograde direction. 4. The activity of pseudo-cholinesterase (Ps-ChE) also accumulated with time at the proximal and distal side of the ligature

Utilizing the Effective Xanthophyll Cycle for Blooming of Ochromonas smithii and O. itoi (Chrysophyceae) on the Snow Surface

Snow algae inhabit unique environments such as alpine and high latitudes, and can grow and bloom with visualizing on snow or glacier during spring-summer. The chrysophytes Ochromonas smithii and Ochromonas itoi are dominant in yellow-colored snow patches in mountainous heavy snow areas from late May to early June. It is considered to be effective utilizing the xanthophyll cycle and holding sunscreen pigments as protective system for snow algae blooming in the vulnerable environment such as low temperature and nutrients, and strong light, however the study on the photoprotection of chrysophytes snow algae has not been shown. To dissolve how the chrysophytes snow algae can grow and bloom under such an extreme environment, we studied with the object of light which is one point of significance to this problem. We collected the yellow snows and measured photosynthetically active radiation at Mt. Gassan in May 2008 when the bloom occurred, then tried to establish unialgal cultures of O. smithii and O. itoi, and examined their photosynthetic properties by a PAM chlorophyll fluorometer and analyzed the pigment compositions before and after illumination with high-light intensities to investigate the working xanthophyll cycle. This experimental study using unialgal cultures revealed that both O. smithii and O. itoi utilize only the efficient violaxanthin cycle for photoprotection as a dissipation system of surplus energy under prolonged high-light stress, although they possess chlorophyll c with diadinoxanthin

Skeletal muscle loss in the postoperative acute phase after esophageal cancer surgery as a new prognostic factor

Background The postoperative survival rate of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains poor compared with other gastrointestinal cancers. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle loss in the postoperative acute phase might be a new predictor for long-term prognosis after highly invasive surgery such as ESCC surgery. Methods The following items were retrospectively investigated. First, whether skeletal muscle loss occurred in the postoperative acute phase of ESCC was verified. Second, the preoperative and intraoperative factors involved in skeletal muscle loss in the postoperative acute phase of ESCC were investigated. Then, whether skeletal muscle loss in the postoperative acute phase affected long-term prognosis was examined. The medical records of consecutive patients who underwent radical esophagectomy for ESCC between January 2010 and February 2015 were retrospectively reviewed; 72 cases were eligible for this study. The total psoas major muscle mass index (TPI) at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) was measured using computed tomography (CT) before surgery and 3 days after surgery. The long-term prognosis was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the multivariate logistic regression model. Results There was already a significant reduction of TPI in the acute phase up to POD 3 after ESCC surgery in comparison with the preoperative baseline TPI (P Conclusion Skeletal muscle loss occurred even in the postoperative acute phase. Furthermore, it is very significant that skeletal muscle loss in the postoperative acute phase of ESCC surgery is involved in the long-term prognosis

Flap Reconstruction for Esophageal Perforation Following Anterior Cervical Plate Fixation

Anterior cervical plate fixation is a common surgical treatment for cervical spine trauma, disc herniation, or cervical spondylosis. Esophageal perforation following anterior cervical plate fixation is a rare but serious complication. Management of esophageal perforation is controversial; however, we suggest treating most cases surgically because this condition is slow to heal and often fatal. We managed 2 cases of esophageal perforation following anterior cervical plate fixation by flap reconstruction with the pectoralis major muscle in one case and a jejunal free flap in the other. Here, we report our experience and review the surgical indications

Regulation of oxygen transport during brain activation: stimulus-induced hemodynamic responses in human and animal cortices

BACKGROUND: The correlation between regional changes in neuronal activity and changes in hemodynamics is a major issue for noninvasive neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and near-infrared optical imaging (NIOI). A tight coupling of these changes has been assumed to elucidate brain function from data obtained with those techniques. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between neuronal activity and hemodynamic responses in the occipital cortex of humans during visual stimulation and in the somatosensory cortex of rats during peripheral nerve stimulation. METHODS: The temporal frequency dependence of macroscopic hemodynamic responses on visual stimuli was investigated in the occipital cortex of humans by simultaneous measurements made using fMRI and NIOI. The stimulus-intensity dependence of both microscopic hemodynamic changes and changes in neuronal activity in response to peripheral nerve stimulation was investigated in animal models by analyzing membrane potential (fluorescence), hemodynamic parameters (visible spectra and laser-Doppler flowmetry), and vessel diameter (image analyzer). RESULTS: Above a certain level of stimulus-intensity, increases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were accompanied by a decrease in regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), i.e., dissociation of rCBF and rCBV responses occurred in both the human and animal experiments. Furthermore, the animal experiments revealed that the distribution of increased rCBF and O(2 )spread well beyond the area of neuronal activation, and that the increases showed saturation in the activated area. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that above a certain level of neuronal activity, a regulatory mechanism between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and rCBV acts to prevent excess O(2 )inflow into the focally activated area

Ontogeny and Age Distribution of Specific Antigens and Surface Immunoglobulins on the Lymphocyte Membranes of Chick Embryos

鶏の胚の胸腺,BF及び脾臓中のT+リンパ球,B+リンパ球,sIg+リンパ球及びsIgM+リンパ球の比率の加齢に伴う変化を経時的に追求した. 胸腺では,胚齢11日目にT+リンパ球及びB+リンパ球が,胚齢12日目にｓIg+リンパ球及びsIgM+リンパ球が発生した. 一方BFでは,胚齢10日目にT+リンパ球が,胚齢11日目にB+リンパ球,sIg+リンパ球及びsIgM+リンパ球が発生した. 胸腺では,胚齢15日目からT+リンパ球の比率が,一方BFでは胚齢17日目からB+リンパ球の比率が急激に上昇することから,この時点より真の分化が始まると考えられる. BFでは,ｓIg+リンパ球及びsIgM+リンパ球が胚齢11日目に発生してから胚齢16日目まで,ほぼ同じ値で推移していることから,胚齢16日目までBリンパ球のsIgはIgMのみであると考えられる. BFでは,胚齢16日目以降,sIg+リンパ球の比率がsIgM+リンパ球の比率を大幅に上回ることから,胚齢16日目前後に,Bリンパ球のsIgでは,IgMから他のクラスのlgへの転換(スイッチ)が始まると考えられる

Chlamydial Complement Fixing Antibodies in Feral Pigeons

名古屋市内及び周辺の3地区(市街地,住宅地及び近郊農村地区)並びに東京の1地区(繁華街)の計4ドバト集団について,クラミジア(CF)抗体保有状況を陽性率と抗体力価の面から調査した.1984年に採取した集団別の材料では,抗体力価は住宅地や農村部よりも市街地で高い傾向にあったが,陽性率においては集団間の差は小さかった.名古屋市街地における1984年から1986年の3年間にわたる調査では,陽性率は急激に上昇していることが明らかとなった.以上の結果について,今までの報告と比較検討した

Effect of Starvation on Immunological Function of Chicks : I. Effect on Humoral Immunity

隔日絶食による長期間の飢餓状態におけるニワトリヒナのGRBC及びBAに対する抗体産生能力を調べることにより,液性免疫機能に及ぼす飢餓の影響について試験した. 本試験において得られた結果は以下のようである. (1)絶食期間中,ヒナの体重増加はまったく認められず,強度の飢餓状態にあると思われた. (2)飢餓状態にあるヒナでは,抗GRBC,抗BA共に抗体価が上昇する傾向が示された. (3)血中のγ－グロブリン総量及び産生された抗体中のIgM比率については,対照との間に差が認められなかった. (4)飢餓状態のヒナにより産生される抗GRBC抗体の半減期は,対照に比べ有意に長いことが示された. 以上の結果から,長期にわたる飢餓にさらされたヒナでは,産生される抗体の血中からの消退が遅延し,その結果,抗体価が上昇するものと思われた. これは,抗体産生の亢進によるものではなく,産生された抗体の分解遅延に起因するものと思われた