Optical Absorption Enhancement by Mechanical Twins Grown Using Low Temperature Silicon Epitaxy

AbstractThis paper presents the results of thin film silicon (Si) solar cells with in-situ doped epitaxial emitter deposited on Si substrate by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD). High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images reveal that low temperature Si epitaxy growth induces mechanical twins at the junction interface. The presence of the twins alters the orientation of the crystal planes, increases the optical path length of light within the epitaxy film and improves the optical absorption. On the other hand, these twins appear to be the main cause for material-induced shunting at the p-n junction. Photoluminescence (PL) mapping indicate that lower growth temperature results in better interface quality

Evaluating the mandatory death penalty under section 398 of the dangerous drug act 1952

The mandatory death penalty under section 39B of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1951 is now 23 years old. This paper seeks to evaluate this penalty from two main perspectives: the nature of the death penalty itself, and the mandatory nature of the punishment under section 39B of the DDA. The first section traces the legislative history of section 39B and other provisions related to the offence of drug trafficking. The second section will examine, first, whether the mandatory death penalty has achieved the aims for which it was promulgated, and secondly, whether these aims are in fact-desirable, bearing in mind that the ultimate goal of any legal system is to achieve justice. The third section is an exposition on the international view of the death penalty. This paper will conclude with a summary of our findings

Heterogeneous photocatalysts an overview of classic and modern approaches for optical, electronic, and charge dynamics evaluation

The functionality of a photoactive semiconductor i.e., photocatalysts, photoelectrodes, etc. is largely dictated by three key aspects i band gap; ii absolute potentials of the conduction band minimum and the valence band maximum; and iii bulk and surface charge carrier dynamics. Their relevance to governing the energetics and the photo electro chemical mechanisms of the semiconductor has prompted development of a multitude of characterization tools to probe the specific characteristic of the material. This review aims to summarize the current experimental techniques, including the conventional and the state of the art tools, directed at examining the key aspects i , ii , and iii of semiconductors. Although not being exhaustive, this didactic review can be useful to apprise the research community of the sophisticated research tools currently available for characterization of photo electro catalyst semiconductors as well as to bridge the multidisciplinary knowledg