Current Aspects and Perspectives Regarding the Usage of Honey in Different Wounds Treatment (Review)

Throughout time, honey proved to meet all the criteria for its usage as a topical treatment in wounds, due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.A major importance was attributed to the compounds found in honey, such as glucose oxidase, methylglyoxal, low pH and hydrogen peroxide. The aim of this review is to provide an updated scientific support regarding the current state and the perspectives on honey application in the veterinary medical therapeutics. We sustain the utility of this documentation because of the contradiction between the abundance of research in the human medicine field and their sporadic character in the medical veterinary one. We assess that honey should not be simply considered as a ‘folk remedy’, but as a modern therapy. Moreover, this review intends to inform the veterinary clinicians about the therapeutic potential of honey, exerted especially on wounds healing and regenerative therapy

Current data regarding the evolution of hematological profile in Broiler chickens: a review

In the last decades, along with the progress of poultry farming, avian medicine has seen remarkable progress. The use of improved breeds has raised the issue of their increased susceptibility to pathological factors and environmental conditions. Currently, the detection of diseases in birds, especially in poultry, is based on serological and necropsy investigations; complementary laboratory investigations, such as hematological and biochemical, are only used in companion birds. The assessment of the health of poultry through hematological and biochemical tests, especially those from intensive breeding farms, allows the early detection of signs of disease before it causes mortality and implicitly economic loss. Chickens were used as an animal model of research to establish physiological parameters for other avian species. However, little information has been published on the evolution of their hematological and biochemical parameters. Furthermore, the establishment of reference intervals for interpretation of results in birds in general and chickens in particular has proved extremely difficult due to their hematological and biochemical features. Hematology in birds partly mirrors health status can vary due to race, age, gender, stress, bacterial and viral infections. Considering the complexity of the animal organism and the complex interrelation established between its different systems, the administration of an exogenous substance will cause complex reactions

Analysis of statistical parameters used in bioequivalence assessment of a novel generic anthelmintic formula for sheep

Bioequivalence testing is one of the essential procedures used for marketing authorisation of veterinary medicinal products.The aim of this study was to implement a minimum set of statistical parameters in the bioequivalence assessment protocol of two anthelmintic formulas based on Triclabendazole (50 mg/mL) and Ivermectin (1 mg /mL), orally administered to sheep. The study can be synthesized to determine the relative bioavailability and bioequivalence of the two products on 36 clinically healthy sheep, following an unicentric, randomized, cross-over, two-sequence, two-treatment and 14-day wash-out study design. Determination of plasma concentrations of Triclabendazole sulfoxide and Ivermectin was made by two rapid, selective high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. According to the implemented protocol, the statistical analysis of the data obtained corroborated a set of descriptive parameters (mean, standard deviation, interval) for the sample of subjects (age, weight) with pharmacokinetic parameters relevant for the active substances (Cmax, AUClast, AUCtot) with additional parameters (% extrapolated AUC, thalf, MRT) and drug safety (adverse events, clinical and laboratory screening and follow-up examinations). For bioequivalence assessment to all the primary pharmacokinetic parameters considered (Cmax, AUClast), a confidence interval of 90% for the ratio of the population means must be calculated. All these pharmacokinetic parameters were planned for analysis using ANOVA, after the data have been transformed (logarithmic transformation). A reference 90% confidence interval of 0.8 – 1.25 was chosen. The bioequivalence can be concluded if the calculated 90% confidence interval around the ratio of means (Test/Reference) using log transformed data falls within the reference acceptance range of 0.8–1.25 for all primary pharmacokinetic parameters of triclabendazole sulfoxide and ivermectin. Finally, the bioequivalence of the two anthelmintic products and, respectively, the possibility of exchanging information between them in the veterinary therapeutic field is determined on the basis of the relevance of the values obtained in the statistical analyzes, especially of the pharmacokinetic parameters

Implementation of a pharmacologic protocol for testing bovine colostrum nutraceutical products in Broilers

As antibiotic additives were deemed illegal to use in poultry feed as a growth promoter but also to prevent certain diseases such as necrotic enteritis, researches are increasingly oriented towards finding an alternative that will provide both economic gain for the farmer and safety for the end consumer. Bovine colostrum, the first milk secretion postpartum, is widely known for its beneficial properties, not only on the newborn organism, but also in the adult one. The bioactive components of the colostrum have healing properties in the gut, furthermore they help prevent bacteria from adhering to the intestinal mucosa. The biochemical constituents also have an antibacterial effect through lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase. The main objective of this paper was to establish a protocol through which to obtain consistent scientific data when researching the effects of a nutraceutical product in poultry. In order to achieve this we have conducted a study, in the University of Agricultural sciences and Veterinary medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, on a population of 60 broilers that were divided into three groups: the control group and two other groups that were administered distinct nutraceutical products in their drinking water. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of replacing antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidial drugs with nutraceutical products from bovine colostrum. Various microbiological, health and productivity parameters were assessed and compared between the groups, over a period of 45 days. The immunoglobulins from the bovine colostrum, as bioactive components, will achieve its highest peak in day 14 in the blood serum of the bird. As such, blood samples were deemed best to be harvested on EDTA and Clotting agents every 14 days, as the products were administered 2 times throughout the study. Cloacal swabbing was also performed, feces samples were evaluated for microbial concentration and bacterial strain identification. A comparison was made with several other researches that performed similar clinical studies and we recommend that when administering bovine colostrum nutraceuticals, in order to obtain scientifically consistent results, a strict protocol has to be implemented, periodical evaluations have to be made according to the parameters that are assessed but also in compliance with the bioactive components of the product

ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF HONEYDEW HONEY IN COMBINATION WITH NATURAL OILS

Currently, the antibacterial properties of honeydew honey are increasingly valued, being regarded as superior to blossom honeys. Over the years, the antibacterial activity of propolis has been highly appreciated, due to the flavonoids and phenolic acids present in its composition. Moreover, essential thyme oil and sea buckthorn oil have been recognized as valuable resources of natural antimicrobial compounds. The present research aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of two natural mixtures, consisting of honeydew honey and sea buckthorn oil and honeydew honey, propolis soft extract and essential thyme oil respectively. The tested bacterial strains were represented by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Our results showed that the investigated products recorded good antibacterial activity and the Gram-positive bacterial strains were more sensitive than the Gram-negative ones

Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of some apicultural products with essential oils for cutaneous wounds in cats and dogs

Honey represents a valuable product, which has been widely used for its therapeutic benefits in various disease conditions. Moreover, honeydew honey has been scientifically recognised for its antioxidant, anti- microbial and wound healing properties and it is used clinically, as a topical treatment for wound infections. In addition to this, a plethora of studies have revealed that propolis, sea buckthorn essential oil and thyme essential oil are basic aids in the treatment of wounds and other skin conditions. The aim of the present research was to determine the clinical effectiveness of two natural dressings, based on honeydew honey, combined either with soft propolis extract and thyme essential oil, either with sea buckthorn essential oil, with the purpose of minimizing the antibioresistance phenomenon within the small animal clinics. Their therapeutic value has been evaluated in feline and canine distinct types of cutaneous wounds, by topical application. The honeydew honey, soft propolis extract and sea buckthorn essential oil were provided by "Apilife Sibiu" company, located in Romania, while the thyme essential oil was purchased from "Young Living" company. The products were applied on uncomplicated acute and complicated cutaneous wounds in dogs and cats. In the treatment of six patients with uncomplicated acute wounds, we found an inceased efficacy of the dressing containing honeydew honey and sea buckthorn essential oil, while in the treatment of six patients with complicated cutaneous wounds, the dressing based on honeydew honey, soft propolis extract and thyme essential oil has proven to be highly effective. All in all, based on the results obtained in conjunction with other studies in the field, we recommend the implementation of apicultural products with addition of essential oils in the prevention and therapy of various forms of cutaneous wounds in animals

The relevance of a digital system based on nanop particles biosensors in assessing the antioxidant potential of some foods

Image analysis is a highly topical and perspective method in biomedical research and practice that underlies the development of portable tests for the autonomous detection of external energy sources outside the laboratory. The purpose of this paper is to implement a new method of detecting antioxidants in food, based on digital image acquisition and processing, using an experimental device with a paper-based biochemical sensor, marked with silver nanoparticles. The research consisted of evaluating the antioxidant potential of some teas (no = 5) and commercial red wines (no = 5), using the LabVIEW device and the LabVIEW graphical programming environment for data processing in linear 3D regression, referencing the RGB spatial vector. The results obtained in the testing of tea and red wine varieties had the following hierarchy regarding their antioxidant concentration (expressed in μg / mL gallic equivalents): Twinings traditional afternoon black tea (10.945); Lipton Green Tea (20.450); Lipton forest fruit tea (20.450); Fares forest fruit tea (29.956); Green Tea Earl Gray (34.708) or Recaş wine (15.698); Pinot Noir Folonari wine (15.698); Chateau Malpere wine (20.450); Cabernet Souvignon wine and Fetească Neagră wine (25.203). In conclusion, we appreciate the great outlook of this fast and cheap method, which can be accessed through software installed on your laptop or smartphone, allowing you to read the result with one click, including by non-experts

Comparative analysis of hematological parameters and blood compatibility in different bird species

Birds seem to survive and recover much faster than mammals after acute blood loss. Their ability to tolerate severe bleeding may be due to the lack of automatic responses to irreversible shocks, faster transfer of extracellular fluids into the vascular space and faster mobilization (at 12 hours) of a large number of immature erythrocytes after significant blood loss; for example, pigeons return to normal hematocrit only 7 days after 60% of the blood has been drawn, without any clear clinical signs. In this study our objectives were the comparative analysis of hematological parameters in samples from domestic birds of different species and the investigation of the possible compatibility between the blood of chickens and palmipeds. The investigations were carried out between October 2018 - May 2019 in the Physiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CLUJ-NAPOCA, on blood samples collected from a batch of 23 birds, composed of: 9 chickens, 5 turkeys, 4 ducks, 2 geese, 1 quail, 1 pheasant, 1 pigeon.. Blood samples were taken from the basilic vein of each bird and collected on an EDTA tube. Comparative hematological analyzes included the determination of the erythrogram parameters (total number of erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and mean erythrocyte constants) and leukogram parameters (total number of leukocytes and proportions of leukocyte subpopulations). In order to evaluate and analyze the intra- and interspecific blood compatibility, 110 Crossmatch reactions were performed, 55 for the major test and 55 for the minor test.. The hematological results, interpreted comparatively on batches and species, showed significant variations at both individual and species level. We also noticed a major inconsistency between the values of the mean erythrocyte constants and the main hematological parameters. The results regarding the evolution of intra- and interspecific blood compatibility revealed the absence of preformed isoantibodies against the various antigens of the blood group systems of the tested species. In conclusion, 14.54% positivity proportion outlined the level of the incompatibility rate for heterologous combinations

The efficacy of using a honeydew honey, propolis extract and thyme essential oil dressing as topical treatment for chronic wound in cat: a case report

The healing properties of honey have been known for hundreds of years, proving its effectiveness, particularly in the wound healing process. Nowadays, a major importance was attributed to honeydew honey, due to its increased polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Propolis and thyme essential oil also represent unfailing aids in wounds’ therapy, thanks to their chemical composition. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical efficacy of a mixture consisting of honeydew honey, propolis extract and thyme essential oil in the treatment of an open chronic wound in a cat patient. The subject of our paperwork was represented by a cat, neutered male, aged one, European breed, weighing four kilograms. According to its medical history, the patient suffered from a traumatic accident by hanging in a wire fence, which resulted in an open wound in the left inguinal area. The cat was brought to ALVET veterinary clinic, because of the following clinical manifestations: apathy, loss of appetite, pain when handling the inguinal area, expressed by both aggressive behavior and vocalization. The clinical exam revealed a laceration wound in the linguinal area, which involved the whole tegument and subcutaneous tissue, while the abdominal wall remained intact. At first attempt, the wound was treated surgically, including pain medication and sedation for proper wound management, without good outcome and therefore, after two weeks we chose a traditional remedy, based on a mixture of honeydew honey, propolis soft extract and thyme essential oil. The dressing was applied once a day, for 25 days and as a result, the wound healed completely without complication and with a very good cosmetic result. We assess that apitherapy should not be simply considered as a ‘folk remedy’, but as a modern therapy, with a large efficacy. This research intends to inform the clinicians about the therapeutic potential of honeydew honey, propolis soft extract and thyme essential oil dressing, when applied on a chronic wound in cat

The management of canine transfusion reactions reported in some clinics from Transylvania

The transfusion of blood products is an essential and also a common therapeutic procedure used in veterinary medicine. Because blood transfusion is not a completely harmless therapeutic procedure, its usage requires a good amount of knowledge about the possible adverse effects and complications that may occur during this process. This kind of data is exactly what the present study brings to doctors attention, being based upon the management of various forms of transfusions reactions in canines which were given whole blood, erythrocyte concentrate (EC) or blood plasma (P). The main objectives were preventing, monitoring and treatment of this reaction type. The clinics included in this study reported multiple forms of transfusion reactions in canine patients, such as: severe tachycardia (no=5); passing hyperthermia (40°C) (no=5); emesis and melaena during transfusion (no=3); myoclonic head seizures and bruxism (no=1); delayed hemolytic anemia (AHI) (no=1); TRALI type respiratory syndrome (no=1). In most cases, these symptoms subsided after a few minutes from transfusion or stopped completely, except the last two cases, which presented severe reactions, without any response to treatment and resulting in death. This kind of complications resulted due to AHI condition in a patient with chronic renal failure (the diagnosis was based on pollakiuria, haematuria and BUN/creatinine ratio of 28.4) and the evolution of TRALI respiratory syndrome in another patient with malignant multicenter lymphoma (cytologically confirmed). The AHI type of post transfusion reaction diagnosis and management was done by monitoring the decreasing oscillations of the whole blood mass, after 3 transfusions with whole blood. The TRALI syndrome (Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury) diagnosis was based upon cytological examination and later, necropsy