Alternative protein sources as a replacement of fish meal in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus: A review

The farming of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has conquered the significant popularity in tropical and subtropical regions, primarily due to its remarkable faster growth rate. The growth performance of the species makes it an attractive choice for many fish farmers. Additionally, Tilapia exhibits a commendable resilience to disease, further enhancing its appeal as a farming option. Furthermore, the low trophic feeding levels of Tilapia contribute to its desirability, making it an efficient and sustainable choice for nutrition-conscious individuals. Due to the increasing prevalence of aquaculture production, there has been a significant surge in the demand for fishmeal. This particular protein source has relished the widespread popularity for many years and its demand has now more than doubled. The current growth rate of the aquaculture industry is outpacing the available fishmeal supplies, which are insufficient to meet the demand. According to scientific studies, it has been found that fishmeal can be effectively replaced with alternative sources without compromising the overall performance of the fish. This article presents a compelling case for the practicality of replacing fishmeal with alternative protein sources in the diet of Tilapia. These alternatives include terrestrial animal by-products, oilseed plants, single-cell proteins, and protein-rich plant derivatives. In order to mitigate the environmental impact of the fishmeal industry, it is crucial to implement measures that can effectively address this concern. Moreover, it is crucial to highlight the significance of these sources from a nutritional perspective. The blood meal, meat and bone meal are highly beneficial options for incorporating essential amino acids and protein into the diet of Tilapia. These alternatives offer a rich source of nutrients that can effectively replace fishmeal. The minerals instead of amino acids could improve plant protein performance. Due to inconsistent findings, aquatic plants and single-cell proteins in Tilapia meals should be carefully considered. Fishmeal replacers need biological and economic analyses. Long-term evaluations should be done in practical culture systems rather than labs. In conclusion, it is imperative for Tilapia producers to contemplate the utilization of alternative dietary sources, as extensive research has demonstrated the scientific feasibility of substituting the fishmeal in the diet of Tilapia

Effects of substituting plant-based protein sources for fish meal in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional adequacy and suitability of rice polish and mustard oil cake as protein sources in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). To assess the growth performance and feed utilization of Nile Tilapia, three diets containing rice polish (0, 8, and 16%) and mustard oil cake (8, 16, and 24%) were formulated and fed to the fish over a period of 60 days. According to the findings, the growth performance tended to decline as the levels of rice polish and mustard oil cake increased. The control diet (30% Fish meal) resulted in the highest weight gain (373.79±49.78%), whereas the diet (20% Fish meal) resulted in the least weight gain (341.24±27.23%). The specific growth rate (SGR) followed the same pattern, and there were no statistically significant differences in SGR between diets (p>0.05). At the end of this trial, the feed intake (FI) of the various diets ranged between 32.37 g and 37.78 g per fish. Although feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were not significantly different among diets (p>0.05), feed intake decreased as the incorporation of rice polish increased

Different stocking densities and species combinations effects the growth and production in carp polyculture

A comparative experiment was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of different carp species i.e., Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), and Silver Carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) with variable stocking densities. Three treatments each with three replicates were maintained and the stocking densities of carps were 40, 80, and 120 fish/decimal in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The stocking ratio of Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, and Silver Carp was 2:1:2:1. The experimental diet included rice bran (25%), wheat bran (25%), fish meal (25%), and mustard oil cake (25%), with a total protein content of 28%. This dietary supplement was administered twice daily. The fish were supplemented with 5% of their body weight for the first month, 4.5% for the next three months, and 2% for the final two months. The water quality parameters i.e., pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and transparency were measured every 14 days interval. In T1, Silver Carp obtained the highest weight (188.86±17.86g) followed by Mrigal (106.78±14.23g), Catla (74.0±3.80g), and Rohu (67.72±6.03g). In T1, Silver Carp also attained the highest length at 26.33±0.63 cm, followed by Catla at 14.40±2.10 cm, Mrigal at 14.09±0.89 cm, and Rohu at 14.07±0.59 cm, respectively. Nevertheless, both weight gain and length gain were lowest for all species in T3. The highest SGR% was found in T1 for Silver Carp (3.22±0.06), whereas the lowest SGR% was found in T3 for Catla (1.69±0.06). In addition, T2  yielded the highest production (3090.91±119.57 kg/ha), followed by T3 (2949.80±137.67 kg/ha) and T1 (2946.21± 129.00 kg/ha). The experimental findings suggest that, the stocking density of 80 fingerlings/decimal (T2) yielded the highest production in carp polyculture

Efficacy of Dry Pituitary Gland, Wet Pituitary Gland and the Synthetic Hormone Ovaprim on Labeo catla Breeding

An induced breeding experiment with Indian major carp, catla (Labeo catla) was conducted to know the efficacies of three different doses of dry Pituitary gland and wet Pituitary gland in comparison to that of ovaprim. Intra- peritoneal injections were given at the base of the pelvic fin with dry PG low dose (DPL), 1 mg/Kg body weight for first dose of female fish and after 6 hours interval second dose (2 mg/Kg of body weight) was administered; at the same time 1 mg/Kg body weight for male. For dry PG medium dose (DPM), 2 mg/Kg body weight for first dose and after six hours interval 4 mg/Kg body weight for female and 2 mg/Kg body weight for male. For dry PG high dose (DPH), 3 mg/Kg body weight for first dose and after 6 hours interval 6 mg/Kg body weight for female and 3 mg/Kg body weight for male fish. Wet PG low dose (WPL), 7 mg/Kg body weight for first dose and after six hours interval 10 mg/Kg body weight for female and 7 mg/Kg body weight for male fish. For wet PG medium dose (WPM), 11 mg/Kg body weight for first dose and after 6 hours interval 15 mg/Kg body weight for female and 11 mg/Kg body weight for male fish. And for wet PG high dose (WPH), 15 mg/Kg body weight for first dose and after 6 hours interval 20 mg/Kg body weight for female and 15 mg/Kg body weight for male fish and ovaprim, 0.25ml/kg and 0.5 ml/Kg of body weight for single dose for male and female respectively. These doses were used for determination of fertilization, hatching and survival rates. The fertilization rates were 83.25 ± 0.85%, 92.01 ± 0.45%, 82.45 ± 1.04%, 83.18 ± 0.68%, 88.59 ± 0.48% and 72.85 ± 0.43% for the doses of DPL, DPM, DPH, WPL, WPM and ovaprim respectively. The hatching rates were 78.58 ± 0.94%, 85.54 ± 0.38%, 74.8 ± 0.22%, 77.89 ± 0.82%, 81.56 ± 0.59% and 71.54 ± 0.48% for the doses of DPL, DPM, DPH, WPL, WPM and ovaprim respectively and the survival rates were 77.24 ± 0.49%, 87.12 ± 0.46%, 73.09 ± 0.42%, 75.8 ± 0.30%, 80.76 ± 0.64% and 69.2 ± 0.77% for the doses of DPL, DPM, DPH, WPL, WPM and ovaprim respectively. Among all the doses of dry and wet PG and the synthetic hormone ovaprim, DPM gave the best result in case of fertilization, hatching and survival rate. So, the induced breeding of catla fish may use dry PG at the dose of 2 mg/Kg body weight as first dose and 4 mg/Kg of body weight as second dose

Growth, Survival and Cost-benefit Analyses of Nutrient Rich Small Indigenous Species in Carp Polyculture System under Barind Area in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh

This study was conducted in Tanore upazila (sub district) of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh for a period of six months from July 2019 to December 2019. Investigation was carried into the economics of polyculture of Indian major carps with small indigenous fish species (SIS) Shing          (H. fossilis), Magur (C. batrachus), and Pabda (O. pabda). The species composition was carps with shing (T1), carps with Magur (T2), carps with Pabda (T3) and only carps (T4). The economic feasibility of four different combinations was analyzed on the basis of the expenditure incurred and total return from sale price of fish in the local market. The net benefits per hectare from 6 months culture period for T1, T2, T3 and T4 were Bangladesh currency (Taka) as BDT. 635730.42, 805548.25, 580948.95 and 291489.07, respectively which largely reflected the gross fish production levels of 7680.42 ± 6.68, 8324.94 ± 16.64, 7581.13 ± 24.94 and 6344.55 ± 10.30 kg ha-1. However, carp polyculture with Magur (T2) provided highest benefit (BDT. 805548.25 ha-1), followed by carps-shing polyculture (BDT. 635730.42/ha-1), carps-Pabda polyculture (BDT. 580948.95 ha-1) and only carps (BDT. 291489.07 ha-1). BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) was obtained highest in Carp-Magur polyculture, followed by carp-shing and carp-Pabda polyculture systems. So, Carp-Magur polyculture may be better as it has ensured better production of protein enriched SIS Magur and also economic point of view and this system is encouraging for rural people because they would get Magur regularly for consumption and carps as a cash crop

Present status of brood stock management and breeding operations at Carp Hatcheries in Jashore, Bangladesh

Sustainable aquaculture production depends on the proper management of brood stock. In this regard, multiple survey studies were reviewed to assess the present status of management of carp brood stock at Jashore region in Bangladesh from March 2023 to August 2023. A total of 38 hatcheries were selected in Jashore. The areas of ponds were ranged from 33.33 to 400 decimal and shape with maximum rectangular. The green color water of pond was 79% and 75% practice pond drying. Most of the farmers applied liming doses were ranged from 500- 1200 gm dec-1. Most of the farmers used rotenone (39%) to control predators in the brood stock pond. Different sorts of fertilizers both organic and inorganic were applied. Most of the brood stocks (39%) were collected from the hatcheries and the rest of them were collected from other pond, World fish, BFRI and the natural sources (Halda and Padma River). Moreover, 4 carp species (rui, catla, mrigala and kalbashu) among 13 endemic and 4 exotic carp species (silver carp, grass carp, bighead and common carp) out of 6 exotic carp’s species were used for seed production. Negative selection of brood stock was performed in few hatcheries in order to reduce the cost for collecting or purchasing good quality broods. The formulated feed which contained 20-30% protein for carp brood stock were prepared using the indigenous ingredients including mainly rice bran, mustard oil cake, vitamin and mineral premix, wheat flour, fish meal and soya bean flour and maize flour. The main problem of hatchling production is Argulosis (fish lice) diseases which causes 95% of hatchlings mortality. Finally, these survey findings indicate that proper brood stock management could be a good approach to attain the main purpose of aquaculture

Culture Feasibility, Domestication and Breeding Potentiality of Penaeus indicus in the Southwest Region of Bangladesh

A preliminary observation was conducted on the culture potentiality, domestication at different stocking density and breeding competency of Chaka chingri (Penaeus indicus) in southwest region of Bangladesh from February to May in 2020 on Shrimp Research Station, Bagerhat for 120 days. There were three treatments with three replication of each where stocking density varied. Among the treatments, T3 (200 nos./dec) was found more suitable with higher growth than T2 (300 nos./dec) and T1 (400 nos./dec). In regular samples of wild Chaka taken from the regions of Bagerhat, Satkhira, and Khulna, histological investigation revealed that no oocyte was discovered during the reproductive period. The explanations for why the right big shrimp could not be located. Since P. indicus needs more salinity and profundity for the growth of gonadal tissue, the ecological conditions were similarly unfavorable. In this instance, the areas that have greater salinities and shrimp of a reasonable size ought to be chosen for a breeding program. After analysis, the approximate composition of P. indicus's flesh and shell was discovered to be below average. It's because P. indicus experiences prolonged stress and an adverse body condition due to reduced salinity, which has a significant impact on feeding and growth rates along with the rate at which dietary protein is converted to meat protein. Consequently, the current study suggests carrying out a breeding program and preserving the ideal natural conditions for Chaka chingri adaptation

Estimation of Fecundity and Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of Somileptes gongota (Hamilton, 1822) from the River Padma in Rajshahi District, Bangladesh

The study focused on assessing the fecundity and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of the Gongota Loach species, scientifically known as Somileptes gongota, during the period spanning from April 2019 to March 2020. The fecundity of S. gongota exhibited a range of values, spanning from 3375 to 73459.75. Out of a total of 36 specimens, 16 were identified as male while 20 were identified as female. The typical length of female specimens varies between 5.4 cm and 12.5 cm, with a corresponding body weight range of 3.72g to 19.52g. The recorded mean GSI values for the twelve-month period from April to March were as follows: 0.158, 0.231, 0.225, 0.242, 0.176, 0.00, 0.00, 0.13, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, and 0.134. The lowest mean GSI value of 0.00 was observed during the months of September, October, December, January, and February. Conversely, the highest mean GSI value of 0.242 was recorded in the month of July. According to the monthly mean GSI of female individuals, the observed spawning season for this species spanned from April to July throughout the duration of the study, with the peak season occurring in July. The highest recorded level of fecundity was observed in the month of July, reaching a value of 73459.75. Conversely, the lowest level of fecundity was recorded in August, with a value of 3375. The study revealed a significant correlation between fecundity and body weight, as represented by the equation F=4.51BW-40115, with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.835. The observed fecundity values varied between 3375 and 73459.75, while the corresponding body weights ranged from 3.72g to 19.52g. The correlation between fecundity and standard length was determined to be F=0.012 SL3.628 (r2=0.794). The results of the regression analysis revealed a cubic relationship between fecundity and standard length, as well as a linear relationship between fecundity and body weight. A comprehensive understanding of fecundity and gonadosomatic index (GSI) is imperative for effective fish management

Proximate Composition Analysis of Spirulina platensis in Lab Scale Cultivation: Prospects of Digested Rotten Guava as a Culture Media

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the proximate composition of Spirulina platensis and growth performance in supernatant of different concentrations (supernatant of 20, 40 and 60 rotten guavas) of digested rotten guava medium (DRGM). The growth rates in terms of optical density, dry cell weight and chlorophyll a of spirulina were varied from each other. The cell weight of Spirulina was attained a maximum of 0.818 ± 0.003 mg/L in 60% DRGM followed by 0.815 ± 0.0015 and 0.809± 0.0012 mg/L in supernatant of 20 and 40%, respectively on the 10th day of culture. Similar trend was also observed in the case of optical density of the media contained Spirulina, chlorophyll a content (mg/L), total biomass (mg/L), specific growth rates (on the basis of cell weight and chlorophyll a) and total biomass of Spirulina. Cell weight of Spirulina grown in these media had highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation with the chlorophyll a content (r = 0.746) and total biomass  (r = 0.742) of Spirulina. The growth performance of Spirulina in supernatant of 60% DRGM was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of grown in 20% and 40% DRGM. The percentage of crude protein was found 53.35 ± 0.32% in supernatant of 40% DRGM. The crude lipid was attained of 10.15 ± 0.14% in supernatant of 60% DRGM which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of grown in 20% and 40% of DGRM