How to reveal subsurface defects in Kevlar® composite materials after an impact loading using infrared vision and optical NDT techniques?

An integrated system between infrared vision and optical non-destructive testing techniques can be considered a viable, robust and reliable approach for both aerospace manufacturing and in-service inspections. In this paper, infrared vision is applied in different spectral bands on two impacted panels made of aramid–phenolic composite by applying two different methods, respectively: (1) near and short-wave infrared reflectography and transmittography, and (2) mid-wave active infrared thermography. Furthermore, optical methods, namely digital speckle photography and holographic interferometry, are used as well to highlight the damages due to the impacts on the samples. Some techniques provide more straightforward detection capabilities than others for different defect types

The nominative and infinitive in late modern english: A diachronic constructionist approach

The English nominative and infinitive pattern (NCI), consisting of a passive utterance, cognition or perception verb followed by a to-infinitive, is the formal realization of at least three form-meaning pairings (or "constructions"). One of these is simply an instantiation of the passive construction. The other two have a "qualificational" function and are used to offer descriptions or serve as evidentiality markers. Although from a synchronic perspective the "evidential NCI construction" can be construed as a grammaticalization of the passive NCI, no such grammaticalization has taken place in English: Like the passive NCI, the evidential NCI is a borrowing from Latin. From a diachronic construction grammatical perspective, an investigation of the English history of the NCI pattern can still be interesting, however, in that it can reveal changes in the distribution of the pattern over different genres and provide evidence for its growing schematicity. This illustrates the complementarity of grammaticalization theory and diachronic construction grammar. © 2008 Sage Publications.link_to_subscribed_fulltex