A histochemical study of the red and white muscle fibers Part III. Activity of the diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase and triphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase in muscle fibers

From the histochemical study of DPN and TPN diaphorase on the striated muscles of the cats, the following results were obtained. 1. M. gastrocnemius, which belongs to the white muscle by naked eye, consists of three types of muscle fibers distinguished by the DPN diaphorase staining: namely, the small muscle fibers, i. e., the red muscle fibers show a moderate activity, being stained pink, while the large muscle fibers, i. e., the white muscle fibers show a low activity, being stained faint pink. The. third type of muscle fibers: namely, the medium fibers are stained pale pink and show the enzymatic activity intermediate between the red and white muscle fibers. 2. M. soleus, belonging to the red muscle by naked eye, consists of three types of fibers distinguished by the DPN-diaphorase staining, i. e., the red muscle fibers are stained pink, medium fibers pale pink, and a few white muscle fibers faint pink. The diameters of these three types of muscle fibers in M. soleus are almost the same. 3. From the staining pattern of TPN-diaphorase in M. gastrocnemius and M. soleus, the three types of muscle fibers can be distinguished by TPN-diaphorase activity, namely, the red muscle fibers show a high TPN-diaphorase activity, being stained purple, while, the white muscle fibers a low activity, being stained pale pink. The medium fibers are stained pink and show a moderate enzymatic activity intermediate between the red and white muscle fibers. 4. The TPN-diaphorase activity is higher than the DPN-diaphorase activity in the striated muscle, but it is less active than the TPN-diapborase activity in the kidney. However, the activity of DPN-diaphorase in the striated muscle is quite lower than that of the kidney.</p

A histochemical study on the structural differences of motor endplate in the red, white and intermediate muscle fibers of mouse limb muscle

Using double staining method of succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase, the structural differences of motor endplate in the red, the white and the intermediate muscle fibers of the mouse limb muscles were observed. The endplate of the white fiber had a large size and complicated interlacing structure. The endplate of the red fiber had a small size, simple and compact structure. The endplate of the intermediate fiber had a medium size and moderately developed structure.</p

A histochemical study of the red and white muscle fibers Part II. Activity of the cytochrome oxidase in muscle fibers

From the histochemical studies of cytocyrome oxidase on the striated muscles of the cats and mice, the following results have been obtained. The three types of muscle fibers are distinguishable by the activity of cytochrome oxidase from each other as by the succinic dehydrogenase activity, namely, the red muscle fibers show a high cytochrome oxidase activity, the medium fibers a moderate activity, and the white muscle fibers a low activity. And it is suggested that these three types of fibers are different in their respiration, metabolism and have the different functions.</p

An electron microscopic study on the red, white and inter­mediate muscle fibers of mouse

An electon microscopic study on the structural differences among the red, white and intermediate muscle fibers of mice was made and the following results were obtained. 1. The red fiber contained very numerous mitochondria, the white fiber a few and the intermediate fiber a moderate number. The distribution of mitochondria was different in each type of muscle fiber. The cristae of mitochondria of the red fiber was quite well developed, that of the white fiber poorly and that of the intermedtate fiber moderately. 2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum of the white fiber was considerably well developed but that of the red and intermediate fibers poorly developed. 3. Glycogen particles were abundant in the white fiber, less in the intermediate fiber and least in the red fiber.</p

A histochemical study of the red and white muscle fibers Part I. Activity of the succinoxydase system in muscle fibers

From the histochemical studies of succinic dehydrogenase on the striated muscle of the fish, frog, bird and mammal, the following results were obtained. (1) The red muscle fiber shows a higher succinic dehydrogenase activity, while the white muscle fiber a lower activity. The third type of muscle fiber &#34;medium fiber&#34;, which is intermediate in the succinic dehydrogenase activity between the red and white muscle fiber, is observed practically in all of the striated muscle of mammals. (2) There is a good parallelism between succinic dehydrogenase activity and stainability to Sudan black B among the three types of muscle fibers. (3) From the nature of the constituent fibers, muscles can be divided into three groups, i. e., gastrocnemius type, soleus type and diaphragma type. (4) Those belonging to the gastrocnemius type are composed of three types of fibers, i. e., those of large size, low in activity of succinic dehydrogenase reaction and low in sudanophilicity; those of small size, high in enzymatic activity and in sudanophilicity; and those of medium size, moderate in enzymaticactivity and in sudanophilicity. (5) Those belonging to the soleus type, are composed of fibers almost equal in size which can be divided into two by the enzymatic activity and sudanophilicity, excepting the few with low enzymatic activity. (6) Those belonging to diaphragma type, are composed of three kinds of fibers showing different enzymatic activity as in the case of gastrocnemius type, but there is no correlation between the size and the enzymatic activity and sudanophilicity differing from the latter. (7) The difference in succinic dehydrogenase reaction as demonstrated among three types of fibers is due to the difference in number or in activity of mitochondria. (8) The pigeon breast muscle is composed mostly of red muscle fibers, and a few white muscle fibers, while the sparrow breast muscle is composed only of red muscle fibers. (9) The bloody colored muscle of the fish corresponds to the red muscle of the mammals. The white muscle of the fish is composed of three types of fibers. (10) The frog muscle is cmposed of three types of fibers.</p

Histochemical Demonstration of the Three Types of Intrafusal Fibers of Muscle Spindles, a Study on Oxidative Enzymes

Histochemical studies of several oxidative enzymes of the muscle spindles in mouse limbs were carried out. Observations elucidated the existence of the three types of intrafusal fibers which can be distinguished from each other by the difference in the activity of oxidative enzymes as in the muscle fibers, i. e., the first one is the &#34;red intrafusal fibers&#34; and has the most intense activity of oxidative enzyme, the second one the &#34;white intrafusal fibers&#34; with a minimal activity, and the third, &#34;medium intrafusal fibers&#34; being distinguished by their oderate activity of oxidative enzymes from the others.</p

A cytochemical study of oxidative enzymes in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells

Cytochemical observation of the activities of diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase (DPNH-D), triphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase (TPNH-D), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (&#945;-GDH) of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells were made and following results were obtained. The smeared cells showed moderate reactions and no marked difference in the intensity among the individual cells. The free floating cells were stained relatively faint but showed the differences in the staining intensity in individual cells. In the presence of benzalkonium, the reaction intensity proved to be intermediate between the smeared cells and free floating cells without benzalkonium and the differences in the staining intensity in individual cells were more marked. Observations revealed that the reaction intensity changes closely corelated with the stage of mitotic cycle of each cell. Namely, DPNH-D activity of the tumor cells, which generally hihger than that of leucocytes, increased remarkably in the end stage of interphase and decreases abruptly in mitotic stage reaching the lowest level in metaphase. After the metaphse the activity increased slightly and it is kept at almost the same level during the first half of interphase. This enzyme is localized mainly in the granules of the eytoplasm. The activity of TPNH-D showed the similar localizations as those of DPNH-D, though the reaction intensity is lower than that of DPNH-D. The activity of SDH of the tmnor cells is lower than that of leucocytes and its diformazan granules are localized in mitochondria. Its activity decreases in the mitotic stage the lowest level in metaphase and in the followed interphase it is kept in a almost constant low level. &#945;-GDH activity of the tumor is lower than that of SDH but show the similar localizations as the latter.</p

Three-Dimensional Configuration of Crypts of Different Types of Colorectal Adenomas

The three-dimensional configuration of isolated crypts of normal human colonic mucosa and colorectal adenomas was examined by scanning electron microscopy. For isolation of the crypts, the digestion method with HCl was used for formalin fixed tissues, and the separation method with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDT A) following ultrasonication was applied to fresh tissues. In a comparative study, the NaOH cell-maceration method, which visualized the sub-basal laminal collagen sheath, was applied. The isolated crypts from the normal colon were visualized as a single straight tubule resembling a test tube. Most isolated crypts of the tubular adenomas were visualized as elongated fan-like structures with several protuberances and a few short branchings. Their average length was more than twice that of the normal colonic mucosa crypts. Most crypts of the villous adenomas were visualized as slender tubules without protuberances and short branchings, and their average length was three times that of the tubular adenoma crypts. Most crypts of the tubulovillous adenomas were long and triangular with several longitudinal folds and protuberances, and the average length was about three times that of the tubular adenoma crypts

Ultra-High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Various Muscles: A Review

The three-dimensional structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), transverse (T)-axial tubular system and mitochondria in various muscles was examined by means of ultra-high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after removal of the cytoplasmic matrices and myofilaments by the aldehyde-osmium-DMSO-osmium procedure. The striated muscles reviewed and presented are twitch and slow fibers of the frog, twitch and slow fibers of the chicken, twitch extrafusal fibers and intrafusal fibers of the rat, and cardiac muscle fibers of the rat and dog. In all of these striated muscle fibers, T-tubules run transversely and are coupled with terminal cisternae forming triads or dyads. Sarcotubules arising from the terminal cisterna form meshes around the myofibrils. Considerable variations are seen in the local ion of the T-tubules, the structure of the terminal cisternae, the SR and the mitochondria among these muscles. The changes of these organelles in the experimental pathological conditions, (i.e., experimental mitochondrial myopathy and hypertrophic myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats) are also presented. In addition the SR and mitochondria in the smooth muscles of the rodents are described and discussed

Histochemical demonstration of three types of muscle fibers of the intercostal muscles. A study on oxidative enzymes

Since the classic work of Ranvier, it is well known that the mammalian striated muscle is composed of two types of muscle fibers, i. e., the red and white muscle fibers. In the previous paper1 it has been reported that the limb muscle fibers of mammals can be divided into three types from their activities of the histochemically demonstrable oxidative enzymes. Namely, the small red muscle fibers had a higher activity of oxidative enzymes, the large white muscle fibers a lower activity and the third type of muscle fibers being called &#34;medium fiber&#34; or &#34;intermediate fiber&#34; showed an intermediate activity between those of the red and white muscle fibers.</p