Invisible Nuclear Catastrophe Consequences of the U.S. Atomic and Hydrogen Bomb Testings in the Marshall Islands: Focusing on the “Overlooked” Ailuk Atoll

The United States conducted sixty-seven nuclear tests in total at Bikini and Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958. T his article discusses the U.S. nuclear test issues in the Marshall Islands, focusing on the local people who have not been able t o apply for the U.S. compensation, especially those on Ailuk Atoll. Until today, little attention has been given to these areas. Interviews with survivors as well as declassified U.S. documents make it clear that the nuclear tests have been affecting Ailuk people, not only victims of the four atolls: Bikini, Enewetak, Rongelap and Utrik recognized by the U.S. government. It is time for us to pay greater attention to not only the four atolls but also to the other areas t o remind ourselves of the real nuclear legacy of the Pacific Islands. This paper shows how the United States has been underestimating the nuclear test effects on the Marshall Islands. In addition, this article asks not only the United States but also all of us to review the real nature of the nuclear disasters resulting.This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP26760013 and 16H03694

Outline of the Law on Social Protection of Citizens Suffered from Nuclear Tests in Semipalatinsk Conducted by the Former Soviet Union

The former Soviet Union conducted totally 456 nuclear tests between 1949 and 1989 in Semipalatinsk, Republic of Kazakhstan. What does a state support system exist to the people suffering the Semipalatinsk nuclear testing by the former Soviet Union? This paper analyzes a law on social protection of citizens suffered from nuclear tests in Semipalatinsk which Republic of Kazakhstan established in 1992 and revised in 2013. It prescribes the main measures Kazakhstan state provides social benefits and protection to people who suffered from the atomic / hydrogen bombs tests. Based on the social protection act, the present paper aims to describe the outline of the welfare support system to the survivors of the Semipalatinsk nuclear explosions with the view of comparison with Atomic Bomb Survivors' Assistance Act in Japan. In the beginning, we discuss the legal recognition where are environmental affected zone and who are the nuclear suffers. Then we introduce the state support system for victims of the nuclear tests in Kazakhstan based on the law.本稿は、科学研究費（26301003 及び15H03137）による研究成果の一部である

Acknowledgments

CPHU Research Report Series No.35: Investigation on Compensation Measures for the Nuclear Victims/Survivors around the World: in Light of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Edited by Seiichiro TAKEMINE, Noriyuki KAWAN

Uncovering and Comparing Compensation Systems for Victims of the Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons Worldwide: Taking the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons into Account

CPHU Research Report Series No.35: Investigation on Compensation Measures for the Nuclear Victims/Survivors around the World: in Light of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Edited by Seiichiro TAKEMINE, Noriyuki KAWAN

Compensation Measures for Sufferers of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: An Explanation of the Atomic Bomb Survivors’ Support Law

CPHU Research Report Series No.35: Investigation on Compensation Measures for the Nuclear Victims/Survivors around the World: in Light of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Edited by Seiichiro TAKEMINE, Noriyuki KAWAN