Differential Diagnosis of Nodular Goiter by Means of Aspiration Biopsy Cytology: Results in recent five years

A series of the aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) was conducted on 1092 patients with nodular goiter, and the accuracy of diagnosis obtained preoperatively by the ABC method was studied using 277 cases firmly diagnosed by the surgical operations. As to determination whether a nodule is benign or malignant, 5.5% was noted as false positive, 11.8% as false negative, the overall accuracy being 92.1 %. Upon diagnosis by ABC, much of them were mutually misdiagnosed between papillary proliferation and papillary carcinoma of epithelial cells partially observed in adenomatous goiter, showing the most part to be false positive and false negative. Occult carcinoma was predominated in the false negative cases. In general, although a question remains in a little more false negative cases, ABC itself indicates a high diagnosability with no expected complications. Specially as to malignant nodules, it was superior in nontraumatic determination of histological types, being able to determine the mode of operation already at the stage of examinations for outpatients

Thyroid abnormality trend over time in Northeastern Regions of Kazakstan, adjacent to the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site: a case review of pathological findings for 7271 patients

From 1949 through 1989 nuclear weapons testing carried out by the former Soviet Union at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) resulted in local fallout affecting the residents of Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Pavlodar regions of Kazakstan. To investigate the possible relationship between radiation exposure and thyroid gland abnormalities, we conducted a case review of pathological findings of 7271 urban and rural patients who underwent surgery from 1966–96. Of the 7271 patients, 761 (10.5%) were men, and 6510 (89.5%) were women..

International Medical Cooperation for the Radiation Exposed Population (Hibakusha) in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan : A Challenge from Hiroshima, the City of the World's First Atomic Bombing 【Report】

The main objective of this report is to describe the activities of a non-governmental organization(NGO), the Hiroshima Semipalatinsk Project (hereafter the Hiro-Semi Project or the Project), that sup-ports medical aid to those who were exposed to radiation from the nuclear bomb tests in Kazakhstan.The Project has carried out medical cooperation activities five times and dispatched medical missions ofdoctors, nurses, and medical technicians four times. In this report, we attempt to show the purpose of the foundation of the Hiro-Semi Project. In addition, we show the final goal of the Project. We also reporton the medical activities of the Hiro-Semi Project and touch upon the medical items provided by theHiro-Semi Project and the medical examinations from the medical missions sent by the Project. As isgenerally known, medical cooperation is an important part of international cooperation. For example,the activities of Medecins Sans Frontieres Japonand The Association of Medical Doctors of Asia arewell known. It is possible for those who are not medical doctors to conduct medical cooperation. In fact,the Hiro-Semi Project plans and conducts medical aid and dispatches medical missions. The mostimportant matter is to establish a strong cooperative relationship with specialists or experts in that field.The Hiro-Semi Project endeavors to establish such a relationship. As people concerned with internation-al cooperation, we should pay more attention to the activities of medical cooperation done by grass rootsmovements, keeping in mind that there are many approaches to international cooperation. This reportwill outline one approach and one possibility of international cooperation

Nuclear abnormalities in aspirated thyroid cells and chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of residents near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site

Chromosomal studies in peripheral lymphocytes from 63 residents near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, at ages of 52–63 years old, were performed in 2001–2002. A higher rate of chromosome aberrations was observed in the two contaminated villages, Dolon and Sarjal, compared with the control village, Kokpekti. Moreover, a relationship of frequency of cells with radiation induced chromosome aberrations and the previously estimated exposure dose was observed. Furthermore, apparent nuclear abnormalities (ANA) of thyroid follicular cells were studied in 30 out of 63 residents, who were examined for chromosome aberrations. A higher rate of ANA was also found in the residents in the exposed villages compared with those in the control village. These results suggest radiation effects both on the chromosomes in peripheral lymphocytes and on the follicular cells in the thyroid

Nuclear abnormalities in aspirated thyroid cells and chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of residents near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site

Chromosomal studies in peripheral lymphocytes from 63 residents near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, at ages of 52–63 years old, were performed in 2001–2002. A higher rate of chromosome aberrations was observed in the two contaminated villages, Dolon and Sarjal, compared with the control village, Kokpekti. Moreover, a relationship of frequency of cells with radiation induced chromosome aberrations and the previously estimated exposure dose was observed. Furthermore, apparent nuclear abnormalities (ANA) of thyroid follicular cells were studied in 30 out of 63 residents, who were examined for chromosome aberrations. A higher rate of ANA was also found in the residents in the exposed villages compared with those in the control village. These results suggest radiation effects both on the chromosomes in peripheral lymphocytes and on the follicular cells in the thyroid

Frequencies of Dicentric Chromosome and Translocation in Lymphocytes from Residents in Radio-contaminated Villages near Semipalatinsk Nuclear Explosion Test Site

More than 400 above-ground and underground nuclear explosion tests were conducted at Semipalatinsk nuclear explosion test site (SNETS). The significant radioactive substances was released and radioactive plumes moved on villages at the time of explosion test, then residents in villages near SNETS are considered to be exposed internally and externally. In order to assess the biological effects on residents, frequencies of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes were observed in 116 residents living in 3 villages near SNETS and 46 residents in a non-contaminated village by conventional Giemsa staining method and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Frequencies of dicentric and ring chromosomes in residents from the 3 villages were 1.5-2.55 per 1,000 cells, comparing to 0.78 in control area. Residents in contaminated areas had more complex chromosome aberrations. Frequencies of stable-type chromosome aberrations such as translocation were detected in 0.1% and 0.07% in 2 contaminated villages, while 0.02% in control area. More sensitive FISH analysis of chromosome subset revealed higher frequency of translocation (2.17%) in a resident. Multiple chromosome aberrations (MCA) involving more than 10 abnormal chromosomes were found in 0.12-0.42 % of observed cells among all villages, irrespective of radio-contamination. These results indicate that residents living adjacent SNETS were exposed internally and externally, but their estimated external doses were less than previously estimated 140-440 mGy, though how internal exposure was contributed to the higher incidence of chromosome aberrations is unclear

Parathyroid Tumors in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima : First Report of Surgical Cases, 1956-1988

Seventeen patients with parathyroid gland tumors underwent surgical resection at the Hiroshima University Hospital between 1956 and 1988. Three of them where born after the atomic bomb explosion, and 6 of the remaining 14 patients (42.9% of the total- a high proportion) were atomic bomb survivors. Because parathyroid gland tumors and hyperparathyroidism are assumed to develop in patients who have been exposed to radiation after a long latent period, it is necessary to anticipate the possible occurrence of these diseases in atomic bomb survivors. The present paper is the first to report surgically extirpated parathyroid gland tumors in atomic bomb survivors

MEN type IIa を呈した2家系3症例の経験

We have experienced 3 cases in 2 families of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type IIa. Case 1: 61 year-old female underwent her first operation of right hemithy roidectomy for thyroid cancer followed by her second of right adrenalectomy later added thereto for pheochromocytoma as diagnosed. In the meantime, her cousin was found to have undergone an operation at another hospital for the same disease. She was further diagnosed as medullary carcinoma of thyroid gland (MCT) in her left thyroid gland and a total thyroidectomy was performed. Case 2: 33 year-old female had a chief complaint of palpitation and was introduced to our 2nd Department of Surgery for suspection of pheochromocytoma. It was found to be of MEN type IIa after various tests. Bilateral adrenal glands of pheochromocytoma were removed followed by a total thyroidectomy performed 47 days later. In the family study of case 2, MCT was detected in her eldest brother and identified as familial type. This case 3, 49 year-old male had no parathyroid disease or pheochromocytoma and total thyroidectomy was performed for MCT

Blood Transport Method for Chromosome Analysis of Residents Living Near Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site

A study was conducted to compare the storage conditions and transportation period for blood samples collected from residents living in areas near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS). Experiments were performed to simulate storage and shipping environments. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated blood was stored in 15-ml tubes (condition A: current transport method) in the absence or in 50-ml flasks (condition B: previous transport method) in the presence of RPMI-1640 and 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Samples were kept refrigerated at 4℃ and cell viability was assessed after 3, 8, 12 and 14 days of storage. RPMI-1640, 20% FBS and further PHA were added to blood samples under condition A in 50-ml flasks for culture. Whole-blood samples under condition B were directly incubated without further sub-culturing process, neither media nor PHA were added, to adopt a similar protocol to that employed in the previous transport method. Samples in condition A and condition B were incubated for 48 hr at 37℃ and their mitotic index was determined. The results showed that viable lymphocytes were consistent in both storage conditions but the mitotic index was higher in condition A than in condition B. Although further confirmation studies have to be carried out, previous chromosomal studies and the present experiment have shown that PHA-stimulated blood could be stored without culture medium for up to 8 days under condition A. The present results will be useful for cytogenetic analysis of blood samples that have been transported long distances wherever a radiation accident has occurred