911 research outputs found
Density Functional Theory for Block Copolymer Melts and Blends
We derive an expression for the free energy of the blends of block copolymers
expressed as a functional of the density distribution of the monomer of each
block. The expression is a generalization of the Flory-Huggins-de Gennes theory
for homo polymer blends, and also a generalization of the Ohta-Kawasaki theory
for the melts of diblock copolymers. The expression can be used for any blends
of homopolymers and block copolymers of any topological structure. The
expression gives a fast and stable computational method to calculate the micro
and macro phase separation of the blends of homopolymers and block copolymers.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures, will appear in Macromolecule
Crossover Time in Relative Fluctuations Characterizes the Longest Relaxation Time of Entangled Polymers
In entangled polymer systems, there are several characteristic time scales,
such as the entanglement time and the disengagement time. In molecular
simulations, the longest relaxation time (the disengagement time) can be
determined by the mean square displacement (MSD) of a segment or by the shear
relaxation modulus. Here, we propose the relative fluctuation analysis method,
which is originally developed for characterizing large fluctuations, to
determine the longest relaxation time from the center of mass trajectories of
polymer chains (the time-averaged MSDs). Applying the method to simulation data
of entangled polymers (by the slip-spring model and the simple reptation
model), we provide a clear evidence that the longest relaxation time is
estimated as the crossover time in the relative fluctuations.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, to appear in J. Chem. Phy
Early childhood exposure to maternal smoking and Kawasaki Disease: A longitudinal survey in Japan
Kawasaki disease is the leading cause of acquired childhood heart disease in most developed countries, but the etiology of the disease is unknown. An aberrant immune response to some environmental triggers may play a role and involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke can alter immune functions. We thus prospectively examined the association between early childhood exposure to maternal smoking and the incidence of Kawasaki disease. We used a large, nationwide population-based longitudinal survey ongoing since 2010 and restricted participants to a total of 38,444 children for whom information on maternal smoking was available. Maternal smoking status was ascertained at 6months of age, and responses to questions about hospital admission for Kawasaki disease between the ages of 6 and 30months were used as outcome. We conducted binomial log-linear regression analyses adjusting for children's, parental, and residential factors with children of non-smoking mothers as our reference group. Maternal smoking increased the risk of admission, in particular for the period between 6 and 18months of age, in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with children of non-smoking mothers, the children of mothers who smoked had a risk ratio of 1.83 (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 3.35) for hospital admissions between 6 and 30months of age and a risk ratio of 2.69 (95% confidence interval: 1.56, 4.64) for hospital admissions between 6 and 18months of age. Early childhood exposure to maternal smoking may increase the risk of Kawasaki disease hospitalizations in childhood
Searching for a Companion Star of Tycho's Type Ia Supernova with Optical Spectroscopic Observations
We report our first results of photometric and spectroscopic observations for
Tycho's supernova remnant (SNR Tycho) to search for the companion star of a
type Ia supernova (SN Ia). From photometric observations using Suprime-Cam on
the Subaru Telescope, we have picked up stars brighter than 22 mag (in
-band) for spectroscopy, which are located within a circular region with the
radius of 30" around the center of SNR Tycho. If the ejecta of young supernova
remnants, such as SNR Tycho, have a sufficient amount of Fe I, we should be
able to detect absorption lines at 3720 \AA and 3860 \AA associated with
transitions from the ground state of Fe I in the spectrum of the companion
star. To identify the companion star of a SN Ia using these characteristic
absorption lines of Fe I, we made optical low-resolution spectroscopy of their
targets using FOCAS on the Subaru Telescope. In our spectroscopic observations,
we obtained spectra of 17 stars in the SNR Tycho region and compare them with
template stellar spectra. We detect significant absorption lines from two stars
at 3720 \AA. Since widths of their absorption lines are broad, it is likely
that the detected absorptions are due to Fe I in the expanding ejecta of SNR
Tycho. However, none of stars exhibits a clear red wing in the observed
profiles of the absorption, though a star in the background of the SNR should
show it. Hence, we suggest another interpretation that the detected absorption
lines might be caused by the peculiarity of stars. A star named Tycho(E) has
the absorption line at 3720 \AA and its projected position is close to the
center of SNR Tycho. Based on our observations, Tycho(E) is a new candidate as
the companion star of Tycho's supernova.Comment: 17 pages, 28 figures, accepted for publication in PAS
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