Principle of Epistemology for Physical Education and Sports Management Research (1) － Discussion for Phenomenological theory －

　体育・スポーツ経営学は，生活者の豊かな運動・スポーツ生活の実現に向けた体育・スポーツ経営体の経営を研究対象とし，生活者の運動・スポーツ生活や運動・スポーツ実践や，経営体における組織現象，経営当事者の行為や意識を認識対象としている。しかし，それらの諸現象は研究者のパラダイムや選択原理に依存した主観によって構成されるものと考えられる。では，当事者や研究者によって意味づけられ，主観の合意によって構成される間主観的な現象はどのようなものとして捉えうるだろうか。 　本稿では，現象学やスポーツや他者との相互作用を媒介する身体，言語に関わる哲学的・現象学的知見に依拠して，生活者によるスポーツの構成，経営当事者によるスポーツの構成，経営当事者による生活者への＜意味づけ＞，生活者による経営当事者への＜意味づけ＞に関して議論し，それらを統合することによって，＜スポーツ価値の協同構成としての体育・スポーツ経営現象＞を提起した。この提起は，今後の，体育・スポーツ経営学認識論の布石となる

Phase equilibrium temperature and dissociation enthalpy in the tri-n-butylalkylphosphonium bromide semiclathrate hydrate systems

Semiclathrate hydrate (SCH) is one of the phase change materials suitable for cold storage. The thermodynamic properties of SCHs, such as an equilibrium temperature and a dissociation enthalpy, depend on the size and shape of guest substances. In this study, to reveal the effect of cation size and shape on the thermodynamic properties, tri-n-butylalkylphosphonium bromide (P444R-Br) SCHs, where the alkyl group was n-propyl (R = 3), n-butyl (R = 4), n-pentyl (R = 5), i-butyl (R = i-4), i-pentyl (R = i-5), or allyl (R = Al)), were investigated. The branched alkyl groups (R = i-4 or i-5) raised the equilibrium temperature, whereas the shorter alkyl groups (R = 3 or Al) lowered one. Except for P4445-Br and P444(Al)-Br SCHs, the other P444R-Br SCHs had the same orthorhombic structure. Among the orthorhombic systems in the present study, the semiclathrate hydrate with a higher equilibrium temperature had a larger dissociation enthalpy

A proposal of the exploratory activity-oriented science class for the sixth grade : a trail of understanding the characteristics of water solution through children's exploration

departmental bulletin pape

Identity of subject content composition in physical education

　本稿の目的は，体育科の教科内容構成の固有性とは何か，という問いに対する回答を提示し，体育科の教科内容構成における基本的な教材研究及び教材開発の方法論を示していくことである。そのために，まず体育科の内容・指導の４つの特殊性を概観した上で，各特殊性について検討し，教科内容構成の他教科に対する固有性を構造的に捉えた。　議論の結果，体育科における教科内容構成は，以下の固有性を有していることが明らかになった。①運動内容と学習内容を別に認識する必要がある，②からだとこころの一体化と解放を中核的な認識原理として持っている必要がある，③子どもの心身の発達が，学習方法・指導方法だけでなく，運動内容・学習内容も決定づける，④教科内容構成に際して，スポーツ科学諸領域の知見が必要になる

Organic carboxylate salt-enabled alternative synthetic routes for bio-functional cyclic carbonates and aliphatic polycarbonates

Simple and efficient synthetic routes for functionalized cyclic carbonates are indispensable for the practical application of side-chain bio-functionalized aliphatic polycarbonates as biodegradable functional biomaterials. In this study, a six-membered cyclic carbonate with a triethylammonium carboxylate has been prepared in one step from 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA). We have demonstrated the suitability of the organic carboxylate salt of the bis-MPA cyclic carbonate for esterification with alkyl bromides via the SN2 mechanism, leading to the formation of functionalized cyclic carbonate monomers. The esterification of the organic carboxylate salt proceeds efficiently when alkyl bromides with α-carbonyl, allyl, and benzyl groups are used. This approach enables a two-step synthesis of functionalized cyclic carbonates from bis-MPA. The organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization of the resultant functionalized cyclic carbonates is effectively controlled, indicating that the synthetic process involving the organic carboxylate salt does not influence their polymerizability. The ether-functionalized aliphatic polycarbonates obtained from the organic carboxylate salt exhibit good antiplatelet properties, comparable to those of a previously developed blood-compatible aliphatic polycarbonate. The synthetic pathways exploiting organic carboxylate salts enable alternative shortcuts to functionalized cyclic carbonates from bis-MPA

Categorization of 77 dystrophin exons into 5 groups by a decision tree using indexes of splicing regulatory factors as decision markers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a fatal muscle-wasting disease, is characterized by dystrophin deficiency caused by mutations in the <it>dystrophin </it>gene. Skipping of a target <it>dystrophin </it>exon during splicing with antisense oligonucleotides is attracting much attention as the most plausible way to express dystrophin in DMD. Antisense oligonucleotides have been designed against splicing regulatory sequences such as splicing enhancer sequences of target exons. Recently, we reported that a chemical kinase inhibitor specifically enhances the skipping of mutated <it>dystrophin </it>exon 31, indicating the existence of exon-specific splicing regulatory systems. However, the basis for such individual regulatory systems is largely unknown. Here, we categorized the <it>dystrophin </it>exons in terms of their splicing regulatory factors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using a computer-based machine learning system, we first constructed a decision tree separating 77 authentic from 14 known cryptic exons using 25 indexes of splicing regulatory factors as decision markers. We evaluated the classification accuracy of a novel cryptic exon (exon 11a) identified in this study. However, the tree mislabeled exon 11a as a true exon. Therefore, we re-constructed the decision tree to separate all 15 cryptic exons. The revised decision tree categorized the 77 authentic exons into five groups. Furthermore, all nine disease-associated novel exons were successfully categorized as exons, validating the decision tree. One group, consisting of 30 exons, was characterized by a high density of exonic splicing enhancer sequences. This suggests that AOs targeting splicing enhancer sequences would efficiently induce skipping of exons belonging to this group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The decision tree categorized the 77 authentic exons into five groups. Our classification may help to establish the strategy for exon skipping therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</p

Study on the Teaching Strategy of an Junior High School and Improving the Program for Training Students to be Teachers of University (2) : In the Case of Music, Health and Physical Education, Art, Technology and Home Economics (Field of Technology)

　本研究は，教科内容構成の考え方に基づいて中学校の授業づくりのあり方を検討するとともに，それをふまえることで大学の教員養成プログラムの授業が具体的にどのように改善されるかを明らかにしようとしたものである。教科内容構成とは，教員養成において従来から課題とされてきた教科の内容に関わる知識・技能と教科の指導法に関わる知識・技能の分離という問題を克服するために提案されたものである。教科内容構成は，教科の内容と指導法に関わる知識・技能を統合し，それらを応用して，教師が自ら「どのような内容をどのように教えるべきか」を考え，授業づくりに取り組むことができるようになるための考え方を示すものであり，本研究では教員養成プログラムにおける具体的な授業プランを提示してそれを明らかにしていく。本稿では，特に，中学校の音楽科，保健体育科，美術科，技術・家庭科（技術分野）を事例として論じていくことにしたい

Study on the Teaching Strategy of an Elementary School and Improving the Program for Training Students to be Teachers of University (2) :In the Case of Social Studies, Music, Physical Education and Information Ethics Education

　本研究は，教科内容構成の考え方に基づいて小学校の授業づくりのあり方を検討するとともに，それをふまえることで大学の教員養成プログラムの授業が具体的にどのように改善されるかを明らかにしようとしたものである。教科内容構成とは，教員養成において従来から課題とされてきた教科の内容に関わる知識・技能と教科の指導法に関わる知識・技能の分離という問題を克服するために提案されたものである。教科内容構成は，教科の内容と指導法に関わる知識・技能を統合し，それらを応用して，教師が自ら「どのような内容をどのように教えるべきか」を考え，授業づくりに取り組むことができるようになるための考え方を示すものであり，本研究では教員養成プログラムにおける具体的な授業プランを提示してそれを明らかにしていく。本稿では，特に，小学校の社会科，音楽科，体育科，情報モラル教育を事例として論じていくことにしたい

Gastric function preserving esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

Although, the gastric roll is widely used for reconstruction after an esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, adverse effects such as the post operative disturbance of oral intake and the reflux of gastric juice have been reported. A function preserving surgical procedure, which is similar to that for stomach and colon cancer, has been developed for esophageal cancer. Gastric function can be preserved by using the intestine as the reconstructive organ after an esophagectomy. In this report, we described the procedure for an esophagectomy with pedunculated jejunal or right colonic interposition, collectively termed as a gastric function preserving esophagectomy (GPE). We believe that this procedure is minimally invasive with a low risk of postoperative digestive symptoms and weight loss