Neutrino emissions in all flavors up to the pre-bounce of massive stars and the possibility of their detections

This paper is a sequel to our previous one (Kato et al.2015), which calculated the luminosities and spectra of electron-type anti-neutrinos ($\bar{\nu}_e$'s) from the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae. Expecting that a capability to detect electron-type neutrinos ($\nu_e$'s) will increase dramatically with the emergence of liquid-argon detectors such as DUNE, we broaden the scope in this study to include all-flavors of neutrinos emitted from the pre-bounce phase. We pick up three progenitor models of an electron capture supernova (ECSN) and iron-core collapse supernovae (FeCCSNe). We find that the number luminosities reach $\sim10^{57} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$ and $\sim10^{53} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$ at maximum for $\nu_e$ and $\bar{\nu}_e$, respectively. We also estimate the numbers of detection events at terrestrial neutrino detectors including DUNE, taking flavor oscillations into account and assuming the distance to the progenitors to be 200 pc. It is demonstrated that $\bar{\nu}_e$'s from the ECSN-progenitor will be undetected at almost all detectors, whereas we will be able to observe $\gtrsim$15900 $\nu_e$'s at DUNE for the inverted mass hierarchy. From the FeCCSN-progenitors, the number of $\bar{\nu}_e$ events will be largest for JUNO, 200-900 $\bar{\nu}_e$'s, depending on the mass hierarchy whereas the number of $\nu_e$ events at DUNE is $\gtrsim$2100 for the inverted mass hierarchy. These results imply that the detection of $\bar{\nu}_e$'s is useful to distinguish FeCCSN- from ECSN-progenitors, while $\nu_e$'s will provide us with detailed information on the collapse phase regardless of the type and mass of progenitor.Comment: 22 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables, accepted to Ap

MaxElide and the Re-binding Problem

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Dark-Field Electronmicroscopy and Its Application

A new method was used for dark-field electronmicroscopy. By using this method it was not only possible to obtain both bright-field and dark-field images without changing the position of the specimen, but the lowering of the resolution was more minimized than that of the method hitherto obtained. It was applied in the present study for dark-field electronmicroscopy of vaporization film, thin crystal and bacteria. As the results, it was found that dark-field images were very interesting and important concerning electron-microscopy of various specimens