Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Observations of the OMC-2/3 Region; I. Dispersing and Rotating Core around an Intermediate-mass Protostar MMS 7

We report the results of H13CO+(1-0), CO(1-0), and 3.3 mm dust continuum observations toward one of the strongest mm-wave sources in OMC-3, MMS 7, with the Nobeyama Millimeter Array (NMA) and the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. With the NMA, we detected centrally-condensed 3.3 mm dust-continuum emission which coincides with the MIR source and the free-free jet. Our combined H13CO+ observations have revealed a disk-like envelope. The size and the mass of the disk-like envelope are 0.15 times 0.11 pc and 5.1 - 9.1 M_sun, respectively. The combined map also shows that the outer portion of the disk-like envelope has a fan-shaped structure which delineates the rim of the CO(1-0) outflow observed with the NMA. The position-velocity (P-V) diagrams in the H13CO+ (1-0) emission show that the velocity field in the disk-like envelope is composed of a dispersing gas motion and a possible rigid-like rotation. The mass dispersing rate is estimated to be (3.4 - 6.0) times 10^-5 M_sun/yr, which implies that MMS 7 has an ability to disperse ~10 M_sun during the protostellar evolutional time of a few times 10^5 yr. The specific angular momentum of the possible rotation in the disk-like envelope is nearly two orders of magnitude larger than that in low-mass cores. The turn-over point of the power law of the angular momentum distribution in the disk-like envelope (< 0.007 pc), which is likely to be related to the outer radius of the central mass accretion, is similar to the size of the 3.3 mm dust condensation. The intermediate-mass protostar MMS 7 is in the last stage of the main accretion phase and that the substantial portion of the outer gas has already been dispersed, while the mass accretion may still be on-going at the innermost region traced by the dusty condensation.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, ApJ accepted pape

Impartial and Partizan Restricted Chocolate Bar Games

In this paper, we consider impartial and partizan restricted chocolate bar games. In impartial restricted chocolate bar games, players cut a chocolate bar into two pieces along any horizontal or vertical line and eat whichever piece is smaller. If the two pieces are the same size, a player can eat either one. In constrast, partizan restricted chocolate bar games include players designated as Left and Right and chocolate bars with black and white stripes. Left cuts the chocolate bar in two as above and eats the part with fewer black blocks. Similarly, Right cuts the bar and eats the part with fewer white blocks. A player loses when they cannot eat the remaining chocolate bar. We provide formulas that describe the winning positions of the previous player, Right, and Left players. We also present an interesting similarity in the graphs of previous players' winning positions for impartial and partizan chocolate bar games

EFFECTS OF STRETCH-SHORTENING CYCLE DURING TRUNK-TWIST EXERCISE USING DIFFERENT LOADS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stretch-shortening cyde (SSC) movement during bunk-twist and whether the effects change on increasing the loads by using a special trunk-twist machine. Twenty-one male college students performed trunktwist exercise with 3 loads. Participants performed this exercise for each load by using SSC and not using SSC (CON). Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded using Vimn system (250 Hz) and force platform (1,000 Hz). The following effects of SSC for this exercise were observed: (1) peak bar angular velocity was not potentiated by SSC, but SSC contributed to the acceleration of bar angular velocity and (2)for heavy loads, SSC did not affect mean angular velocity of the bar, upper trunk and pelvic rotation. Moreover, peak joint torque power of trunk-twist significantly decreased with heavy loads

Games of Nim with Dynamic Restrictions

The authors present formulas for the previous player's winning positions of two variants of restricted Nim. In both of these two games, there is one pile of stones, and in the first variant, we investigate the case that in k-th turn, you can remove f(k) stones at most, where f is a function whose values are natural numbers. In the second variant, there are two kinds of stones. The Type 1 group consists of stones with the weight of one, and the Type 2 group consists of stones with the weight of two. When the total weight of stones is a, you can remove stones whose total weight is equal to or less than half of a

High-temperature thermoelectric properties of the double-perovskite ruthenium oxide (Sr1−x_{1-x}Lax_x)2_2ErRuO6_6

We have prepared polycrystalline samples of (Sr$_{1-x}$La$_x$)$_2$ErRuO$_6$ and (Sr$_{1-x}$La$_x$)$_2$YRuO$_6$, and have measured the resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, susceptibility and x-ray absorption in order to evaluate the electronic states and thermoelectric properties of the doped double-perovskite ruthenates. We have observed a large Seebeck coefficient of -160 $\mu$V/K and a low thermal conductivity of 7 mW/cmK for $x$=0.1 at 800 K in air. These two values are suitable for efficient oxide thermoelectrics, although the resistivity is still as high as 1 $\Omega$cm. From the susceptibility and x-ray absorption measurements, we find that the doped electrons exist as Ru$^{4+}$ in the low spin state. On the basis of the measured results, the electronic states and the conduction mechanism are discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, J. Appl. Phys. (accepted

Antioxidant Activity and Oxidation Products of 1,2,3,4- Tetrahydroquinoxalines in Peroxyl Radical Scavenging Reactions, Part I

This paper studies the antioxidant activity of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines, 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]thiazines and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalines in the inhibition of the peroxidation of tetralin induced by an azo initiator. Neither 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline nor 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]thiazine alone acted as an antioxidant, but when they have an electron-donating group at the para position to the NH group, they act as potent antioxidants. On the other hand, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoxaline on its own showed good antioxidant activity. However, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalines with methyl and methoxy groups in the phenyl ring have reactivities similar to or less than that of unsubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline. The induction periods of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalines with an alkyl group or phenyl group at the 2-position were all longer than the value for the unsubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline, except for a compound with a t-butyl group. The oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalines by peroxyl radicals generated from an azo initiator in tetralin or benzene yields quinoxalines and a dimer product of quinoxalines, 6-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-1-yl)-quinoxaline

Uncertainty in action-value estimation affects both action choice and learning rate of the choice behaviors of rats

The estimation of reward outcomes for action candidates is essential for decision making. In this study, we examined whether and how the uncertainty in reward outcome estimation affects the action choice and learning rate. We designed a choice task in which rats selected either the left-poking or right-poking hole and received a reward of a food pellet stochastically. The reward probabilities of the left and right holes were chosen from six settings (high, 100% vs. 66%; mid, 66% vs. 33%; low, 33% vs. 0% for the left vs. right holes, and the opposites) in every 20–549 trials. We used Bayesian Q-learning models to estimate the time course of the probability distribution of action values and tested if they better explain the behaviors of rats than standard Q-learning models that estimate only the mean of action values. Model comparison by cross-validation revealed that a Bayesian Q-learning model with an asymmetric update for reward and non-reward outcomes fit the choice time course of the rats best. In the action-choice equation of the Bayesian Q-learning model, the estimated coefficient for the variance of action value was positive, meaning that rats were uncertainty seeking. Further analysis of the Bayesian Q-learning model suggested that the uncertainty facilitated the effective learning rate. These results suggest that the rats consider uncertainty in action-value estimation and that they have an uncertainty-seeking action policy and uncertainty-dependent modulation of the effective learning rate

DEVELOPMENT OF MULTISTEP DROP JUMP TEST BY USING DIFFERENT DROP HEIGHTS

We used different drop heights to evaluate the drop jump (DJ) test in elite athletes. Male jumpers (n=10) performed the test at 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 m. Jumping motions in the sagittal plane and the ground reaction force were recorded using a high-speed camera and force platform, respectively. The amount of negative work by 3 lower extremity joints increased with increased drop height of the DJ test, mainly at the hip joint. There were different performance patterns on the DJ test and lower extremity power output with an increased drop height according to individual characteristics of elite jumpers, compared with the average pattern. Jump performance was correlated with the DJ index at DJ1.2 and the decreased rate of the index from DJ0.3 to DJ1.2. Thus, to evaluate elite jumpers’ performance, various height ranges including a higher drop height should be used

COMPARISON OF PULL AND CATCH PHASES DURING CLEAN EXERCISESE

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in kinetic characteristics between the performed the PC at 30%, 60%, and 90% of one repetition maximum. Kinetic data were collected from recorded data by using a Vicon motion system and force platforms. In the comparison between the pull and catch phases, the kinetic characteristics of the catch phase were as follows: 1) The peak ground reaction force did not significantly differ according to load. 2) Ankle and knee kinetics showed large values. 3) The force and power in the ankle and knee did not significantly differ between the light load (30%) and heavy load (90%). Therefore, the importance of using PC in training not only for the pull movement but also for the catch movement

THE EFFECT OF INCREASING JUMP STEPS ON THE TAKE-OFF LEG IN BOUNDING

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of increasing jump steps in bounding in terms of three-dimensional joint kinetics for the take-off leg. Eleven male track and field athletes performed horizontal bounding from the standing posture. Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded using a Vicon T20 system (250 Hz) and force platforms (1,000 Hz). As jump steps increased, the joint kinetics characteristics are as follows: 1) ankle plantar flexion torque and knee extension torque and power increased, but hip extension torque and power did not increase; and 2) hip external torque and power (negative and positive) increased, particularly hip abduction torque and power. Therefore, in bounding initiated from the standing posture, ankle and knee joint kinetics from the sagittal plane and 3dimensional hip joint kinetics increased, particularly on hip adduction-abduction axis