Multiple logistic regression analyses for the relations between the way of participation and mental health status at the follow-up periods.

<p>^a Adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic status, physical health condition, health behaviour and mental health status at baseline.</p><p>AOR: Adjusted odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.</p><p>Multiple logistic regression analyses for the relations between the way of participation and mental health status at the follow-up periods.</p

Multiple logistic regression analyses for the relations between leisure and social activities and mental health status at the follow-up period.

<p>^a Adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic status, physical health condition, chronic diseases and mental health status at the baseline.</p><p>AOR: Adjusted odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.</p><p>Multiple logistic regression analyses for the relations between leisure and social activities and mental health status at the follow-up period.</p

Characteristics of respondents after multiple imputation of missing values.

<p>^a Independent t-test</p><p>^b Chi-square test.</p><p>Characteristics of respondents after multiple imputation of missing values.</p

The Impact of Leisure and Social Activities on Activities of Daily Living of Middle-Aged Adults: Evidence from a National Longitudinal Survey in Japan

<div><p>This study investigated the effects of leisure and social activities on the ability of middle-aged adults to maintain activities of daily living (ADL), and whether performing these activities alone or with others contributed to the ability to perform ADL. The study used nationally representative longitudinal data of 22,770 adults in Japan, aged 50–59 years, who did not have limitations in performing ADL at the beginning of the 5-year survey period. The study considered six activity categories: two leisure activities (“hobbies or cultural activities” and “exercise or sports”) and four social activities (“community events,” “support for children,” “support for elderly individuals,” and “other social activities”). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relation between participation in these categories at baseline and difficulties in ADL at the 5-year follow-up. The association between the extent of social interaction during these activities (“by oneself,” “with others,” or “both”) and difficulties in ADL was also investigated. The analysis yielded significant negative correlations between “exercise or sports” and difficulties in ADL for both men and women, and between “hobbies or cultural activities” and difficulties in ADL for women. However, these significant relationships occurred only when activities were conducted “with others.” The present findings might help prevent deterioration in middle-aged adults’ performance of ADL in Japan.</p></div

Characteristics of active and inactive respondents with regard to leisure activities.

<p>Characteristics of active and inactive respondents with regard to leisure activities.</p

Multiple logistic regression analyses investigating the relationships between social aspects of activities and difficulties in ADL.

<p>Multiple logistic regression analyses investigating the relationships between social aspects of activities and difficulties in ADL.</p

Results of multiple logistic regression analyses for the relationships between leisure and social activities and ADL.

<p>Results of multiple logistic regression analyses for the relationships between leisure and social activities and ADL.</p