Where did the super-small sized large bowel advanced cancer come from?

Our study suggested that the super-small sized (less than 15 mm in maximum diameter) large bowel advanced cancers, which were sometimes found, were derived from the superficial depressed-type or flat elevation-type of the colorectal early cancers, not polyp-type of those

静電噴霧による液滴分裂とイオン放出過程におよぼす溶液濃度の影響

静電噴霧によるイオンとナノ粒子生成過程を明らかにするために，分子量が単分散の標準試料であるPEG4600を溶質として用い，溶液濃度がイオンとナノ粒子の生成過程におよぼす影響を実験的に検討した．また，荷電数と電気移動度分布から，液滴の分裂過程とイオン生成過程を表現できるモデルを提案した．本研究の実験範囲では，溶液濃度が1.0 wt%より高いときは，溶質がナノ粒子として析出することで，十分なイオン生成が行われず，また，溶液濃度が1.0 wt%より低いときは，粗大液滴からもイオン放出が生じるため，イオンの生成量が増大するという傾向がモデルによりある程度説明できることが明らかとなった．In order to analyze the generation process of ions by electrospray, the effect of concentration of solute (polyethylene glycol; PEG) was investigated. The size distributions of PEG particles and ions generated by the electrospray were measured by a Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) at various concentration of PEG solution. In addition, we proposed a model to explain the droplet breakup and ion emission process. In the experimental condition of the present study, sufficient ion generation was not occurred at high concentration (>1.0 wt%) because of the precipitation of the solute as solid nanoparticles. On the other hand, the amount of generated ion increased at low concentration of the solution (<1.0 wt%) because the large droplets also contributed to produce ions.出版社照会後に全文公

LRRK2 Phosphorylates Tubulin-Associated Tau but Not the Free Molecule: LRRK2-Mediated Regulation of the Tau-Tubulin Association and Neurite Outgrowth

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a large protein kinase containing multi-functional domains, has been identified as the causal molecule for autosomal-dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that (i) LRRK2 interacts with tau in a tubulin-dependent manner; (ii) LRRK2 directly phosphorylates tubulin-associated tau, but not free tau; (iii) LRRK2 phosphorylates tau at Thr181 as one of the target sites; and (iv) The PD-associated LRRK2 mutations, G2019S and I2020T, elevated the degree of tau-phosphorylation. These results provide direct proof that tau is a physiological substrate for LRRK2. Furthermore, we revealed that LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of tau reduces its tubulin-binding ability. Our results suggest that LRRK2 plays an important role as a physiological regulator for phosphorylation-mediated dissociation of tau from microtubules, which is an integral aspect of microtubule dynamics essential for neurite outgrowth and axonal transport

Cigarette smoking, genetic polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk: the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study

Background: It is uncertain whether smoking is related to colorectal cancer risk. Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) are important enzymes in the metabolism of tobacco carcinogens, and functional genetic polymorphisms are known for these enzymes. We investigated the relation of cigarette smoking and related genetic polymorphisms to colorectal cancer risk, with special reference to the interaction between smoking and genetic polymorphism. Methods: We used data from the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study, including 685 cases and 778 controls who gave informed consent to genetic analysis. Interview was conducted to assess lifestyle factors, and DNA was extracted from buffy coat. Results: In comparison with lifelong nonsmokers, the odds ratios (OR) of colorectal cancer for &lt;400, 400-799 and ≥800 cigarette-years were 0.65 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.45-0.89), 1.16 (0.83-1.62) and 1.14 (0.73-1.77), respectively. A decreased risk associated with light smoking was observed only for colon cancer, and rectal cancer showed an increased risk among those with ≥400 cigarette-years (OR 1.60, 95 % CI 1.04-2.45). None of the polymorphisms under study was singly associated with colorectal cancer risk. Of the gene-gene interactions studied, the composite genotype of CYP1A1*2A or CYP1A1*2C and GSTT1 polymorphisms was associated with a decreased risk of colorecta

Impact of Short Hepatic Vein Reconstruction in Living Donor Adult Liver Transplantation Using a Left Liver Plus Caudate Lobe Graft

To investigate the impact of short hepatic vein reconstruction in the transplanted left liver plus caudate lobe graft. Methods: Six left liver plus caudate lobe grafts used for living donor adult liver transplantation were included in this study. The liver grafts were divided into two groups: those with (V1 group; n = 4) or without (control group; n = 2) short hepatic vein reconstruction. The changes in the transplanted left lobe (segments II-IV) and caudate lobe were compared between the two groups at 1 month after transplantation. Results: The addition of the caudate lobe increased the graft volume by 15 mL, which corresponded to a 4.3% gain of graft volume at the time of transplantation. Although the graft volume/standard liver volume ratio of the whole grafts after transplantation showed no difference between the two groups, the regeneration rate of the caudate lobe in the V1 group was significantly greater than that in the control group (p= 0.04). Conclusion: Although no definite advantage from the V1 reconstruction was demonstrated, hepatic vein reconstruction with a significantly-sized short hepatic vein might provide an additional margin of safety for marginally-sized liver grafts during the early phase of graft regeneration