FPGA and ASIC Implementations of the ηT\eta_T Pairing in Characteristic Three

Since their introduction in constructive cryptographic applications, pairings over (hyper)elliptic curves are at the heart of an ever increasing number of protocols. As they rely critically on efficient algorithms and implementations of pairing primitives, the study of hardware accelerators became an active research area. In this paper, we propose two coprocessors for the reduced $\eta_T$ pairing introduced by Barreto {\it et al.} as an alternative means of computing the Tate pairing on supersingular elliptic curves. We prototyped our architectures on FPGAs. According to our place-and-route results, our coprocessors compare favorably with other solutions described in the open literature. We also present the first ASIC implementation of the reduced $\eta_T$ pairing

The effectiveness of instruction of formulaic sequences in EFL writing - A quantitative research in high school education-

In this paper, the effectiveness of formulaic sequences on foreign language learners\u27 writing skills was investigated. The focused instruction of formulaic sequences related to essay writing was conducted to forty first-year students in high school and their products were analyzed as to how formulaic sequences affect their writings at three different stages: pretest, posttest, and delayed post-test. The study results suggest that an explicit instructional approach to formulaic sequences in essay writing can enhance and promote foreign language learners\u27 skills. Moreover, it is found that formulaic sequences play a role in increasing learners\u27 writing fluency for they function as frames on which foreign language learners might rely when approaching a writing task to compose an essay

Diversity and Transformation of Aid Patterns in Asia\u27s "Emerging Donors"

This paper analyses comparatively the aid patterns and their formulation of four emerging donor countries: China, South Korea, Thailand and India. The aim of the paper is to increase understanding of how these countries’ aid patterns have been created and by what factors. The aid patterns employed by the emerging donors are divergent. Chinese aid has shifted from the overtly political and ideological to the commercialist; thus, current Chinese aid is closely tied to Chinese state owned enterprises (SOEs). Korean aid has consistently been commercialist, but recently it has incorporated universal and humanitarian considerations. Thailand has maintained a keen interest in aid as a stabiliser of its neighbouring countries. The Indian aid program was initially formed during the Cold War consonant with the ideology of the Non-Aligned Movement, but from the 1990s economic considerations became more important. Indian aid is influenced also by regional strategies, namely the stabilisation of neighbouring countries. Various factors are proposed to account for the formation and transformation of the aid patterns. Current Chinese aid is influenced by deepening economic interdependence and by diplomatic competition with Taiwan. Korean aid is promoted by pragmatic values and more recently by universal humanitarian values. The recent shift to a humanitarian emphasis is explained by a shift in the relative power balance of actors away from the conservative toward the progressive. In addition, its middle power status in the international community makes South Korea sensitive to competition from other donors, such as China, and to international pressure from DAC. Thai aid is motivated by the economic gap between Thailand and its neighbouring countries, by its strategies toward the Indo-China region, and by its compliance with DAC. The Indian aid program was initially formed during the Cold War in response to the political and ideological Non-Aligned Movement, but from the 1990s economic considerations became more important. India is also influenced by regional strategies, namely the stabilisation of neighbouring countries. This comparative analysis of these four emerging donors contributes to an understanding of the diversity of aid patterns and the particular factors that create them. The increasing diversity of aid patterns further implies potential for future pluralism of aid

An Institutional Analysis of Foreign Aid in Cambodia

Debate about the role and impact of the so-called “emerging donors” is becoming increasingly heated. The common reaction to these new donors, distinct from that accorded traditional donors, has had the unfortunate effect of obscuring two important aspects of the evolving aid landscape: 1) commonalities between the emerging donors and traditional Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors; and 2) an evident diversity among the emerging donors. The biases at play are derived not only from a lack of sufficient information about how these new donors operate on the ground, but also from a lack of effort to integrate and analyze information that is available. This paper examines the impact of four emerging donors — China, India, the Republic of Korea (hereinafter referred to as “Korea”), and Thailand — on Cambodia‟s development, with a specific focus on the processes of aid provision by these new donors. By accounting for the experiences of the recipient country, this paper also challenges the conventional view that aid fragmentation should be reduced a priori

Correlation between average lamina cribrosa (LC) thickness and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT).

<p>(A) Bar graph indicating LC thickness in different stages. Note: there were significant differences between these groups (Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Steel-Dwass test). *: P<0.05, **: P<0.01. (B) ROC curve. The area under the ROC curve was 0.9, with a cutoff value of 260.4 μm (sensitivity: 0.83; specificity: 0.89). (C) Scatter plot of cpRNFLT against average LC thickness (avgLCT) in the entire group (N = 54). (D) Scatter plot of MD against avgLCT in the entire group (N = 54). Note: the correlation coefficient of avgLCT and cpRNFLT was 0.64 (p < 0.01) and the correlation coefficient of avgLCT and HFA MD was 0.56 (p < 0.001).</p

Comparison of the ratio between the reliably measurable area and the Bruch’s membrane opening area in normal, preperimetric glaucoma, and normal tension glaucoma patients.

<p>BMO: Bruch’s membrane opening. PPG: preperimetric glaucoma. NTG: normal-tension glaucoma. P values were determined with the Kruskal-Wallis test.</p><p>Comparison of the ratio between the reliably measurable area and the Bruch’s membrane opening area in normal, preperimetric glaucoma, and normal tension glaucoma patients.</p