Land Registration vis-a-vis Inheritance Disputes: The Case of Menz Gera Midir District, Amhara State, Ethiopia

In addition to securing property rights and agricultural development, land registration and certification has been perceived as an important means for reducing inheritance disputes. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of rural land registration and certification program in reducing inheritance disputes in Menz Gera Midir District in Amhara State. Data for this study were collected through questionnaire, case studies, interview of farmers and experts of the court and focus group discussions. About three hundred households were taken as sample population for the questionnaire. A total of three hundred eight households were participated in the focus group discussions. About thirty five individuals were interviewed. The data collected through questionnaire were analyzed quantitatively; whereas data collected through focus group discussions, case studies and interviews were compiled, summarized and interpreted qualitatively by cross checking with responses of questionnaires. The findings of this study confirm that in Menz Gera Midir District rural land registration and certification reduced inheritance disputes. Keywords: Rural land registration and certification, bequeath, inheritance, inheritance dispute

Scenario of Present and Future of Solid Waste Generation in India: A Case Study of Delhi Mega City

Solid waste generation is the by-product of the Urbanization, rapid industrialization, population growth and migration from the country side. It is commonly considered as an Urban Issue. It is highly related with Economic growth, degree of industrialization and consumption pattern and lavish lifestyle of urbanites.   On one hand more generation of Solid Waste indicate the economic development but on the other it increases environmental stresses. Solid Waste generation and management is a burning issue all over the world and the planners and policy formulators are finding it extremely difficult to handle this problem mainly because of haphazard and unchecked urbanization. Solid Waste contributes 3% of total Green House Gases Emission Globally, which are culprit for Global Warming and Climate Change. Huge amount of Solid Waste generation and their improper management worsen the air quality in the cities which ultimately affect the human health severely.The problem of Municipal Solid waste management is much more acute environmental problems in mega cities like Delhi where land available for landfill sites is scarce. Agricultural land of Delhi has been grabbed by the unauthorized private colonizers and builders by changing the land use overnight. Delhi is the adobe of 14 million people out of which approximately half of the population (52%) population lives in slums and 1400 unauthorized colonies. In 2012, 900 colonies have been authorized or regularized providing bare minimum civic amenities.  In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of the present infrastructure available, the future requirements to manage Municipal Solid waste and the Organizations and agencies involved in it. The main aim of this paper is to quantify the present generation of Solid Waste and project the generation in future by projecting population growth in Delhi Mega City. This study will be proved to be an eye opener for the city planners, managers, stakeholders and different Organizations and agencies which are actively engaged in the Management of this “Urban Menace”. Keywords: Solid Waste, Urbanization, Population, Green House Gases (GHGs

Land Registration vis-a-vis Land Management: The Case of Gishe Rabel District, Amhara State, Ethiopia

Land registration and certification has been alleged as a prerequisite for securing property rights which is vital for sustainable land management and agricultural development.  The objective of this study was to investigate the role of land registration and certification program in assuring sustainable land management in Gishe Rabel District, in Amhara State of Ethiopia. Data for this study were collected through questionnaire, interview of farmers and experts in the field and focus group discussions. About five hundred and forty households were taken as sample population for the questionnaire. A total of one hundred and sixty eight households participated in the focus group discussions. The number of participants for interview was sixty. The data collected through questionnaire were analyzed quantitatively; whereas the data collected through focus group discussions and interviews were compiled, summarized and interpreted qualitatively by cross checking with the responses of questionnaires. The findings of this study show that in Gishe Rabel District rural land registration and certification program assured sustainable land management. Keywords: land registration, certification, tenure security investment, land management

Evaluation of Growth of Motor Vehicles Fleet and Ambience Air Quality in India

Increasing Vehicular population and deteriorating quality of air is the by-product of rapid growth of population in India. Undoubtedly on one hand transport sector plays a significant role in the overall development of a nation's economy, but on the other this sector accounts for a substantial and growing proportion of air pollution also. The urban expansion, industrialization, lack of services, energy and transport demands are leading to a vicious cycle of pollution. According to the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the main sources of emission are energy (26%), transport (18%), industry (19%) and buildings (10%) are the main sources of emissions. The road traffic accounts for about 80% of the passenger traffic and 60% of the goods. For vehicular motors emits various pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, nitric-oxide, carbon dioxide and several organic compounds which are responsible for the deterioration of the environment. In developing countries like India especially, increasing demand for private vehicles is outpacing the supply of transport infrastructure – including both road networks and public transit networks. The result is growing congestion and air pollution. The transport sector in India consumes about 16.9% fossil fuel based energy sources. The aim of this paper is to focus on the state wise emissions of variety of pollutants and asses the quality of air, using region specific mass emission factors for each type of vehicles. Keywords- Transport, Quality of air, Industrialization, Development, Greenhouse gas (GHG

Transport and Ambience Air Quality in Metro Cities of India

Increasing Vehicular population and deteriorating quality of air is the by-product of rapid growth of population and haphazard urbanization in India. The urban population in India has increased significantly from 62 million in 1951 to 285 million in 2001 and is estimated to grow to 540 million by the year 2021. In terms of percentage of total population, the urban population has gone up from 17% in 1951 to 29% in 2001 and is expected to increase up to around 37% by the year 2021. About 55 million vehicles were playing on Indian roads in 2001. The annual growth rate of motor vehicle population in India has been about 10% during the decade (1991-2001), It is seen that two wheelers are growing faster than cars. The basic problem is not the number of vehicles in the country but their concentration in a few selected cities, particularly in metropolitan cities. It is alarming to note that 32 percent of all vehicles are plying in metropolitan cities alone; these cities constitute about 11 percent of country’s total urban population. During the year 2000, more than 6.3 million vehicles were plying in mega cities, which constitute more than 13 percent of all motor vehicles in the country. Mumbai is carrying the highest vehicles compared with other mega cities. Cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Nagpur, Pune show a vehicle growth higher than the mega cities like Delhi, Kolkata etc., presently.  Undoubtedly on one hand transport sector plays a significant role in the overall development of a nation's economy, but on the other this sector accounts for a substantial and growing proportion of air pollution also. The urban expansion, industrialization, lack of services, energy and transport demands are leading to a vicious cycle of pollution. The main aim of this paper is to analyze air pollution caused by increasing number of vehicles and its effect on the environment at present and in future by projecting the number of vehicles and emission load. It also deals with the planning measures that should be adopted in India to solve the problem of increasing vehicular pollution. Keywords: Transportation, Environment, Pollutants, Emission, Developmen

Scenario of Present and Future of Solid Waste Generation in Metro Cities of India

Rapid industrialization, urbanization, population growth and migration from the country side are resulted in Solid Waste generation, which is commonly considered as an Urban Issue.  It is highly related with Economic growth, degree of industrialization and consumption pattern and lavish lifestyle of city dwellers. Solid Waste generation and management is a burning issue all over the world and the planners and policy formulators are finding it extremely difficult to handle this problem mainly because of slapdash and unchecked urbanization. Solid Waste contributes 3% of total Green House Gases Emission Globally, which are culprit for Global Warming and Climate Change. Huge amount of Solid Waste generation and their improper management worsen the air quality in the urban areas which results in health problems. When the urbanization expands, the amount of municipal solid waste increases rapidly even faster than the rate of urbanization, one of the most important by-products of an urban lifestyle, is growing even faster than the rate of urbanization. Ten years ago there were 2.9 billion urban residents who generated about 0.64 kg of Municipal solid wastes per person per day (0.68 billion tons per year). Hence, today these amounts have increased to about 3 billion residents generating 1.2 kg per person per day (1.3 billion tons per year). By 2025 this will likely increase to 4.3 billion urban residents generating about 1.42 kg/capita/day of municipal solid waste (2.2 billion tons per year). The main aim of this paper is to quantify the present generation of Solid Waste and project the generation in future by projecting population growth in Metro Cities and find out the causative factors for the same. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of the present infrastructure available, the future requirements to manage Municipal solid wastes and the Organizations and agencies involved in it. The main aim of this paper is to quantify the present generation of Solid Waste and project the generation in future by projecting population growth in Metro Cities and find out the causative factors for the same. Keywords: Solid Waste, Urbanization, Population, Green House Gases (GHGs