Tolerancia a la salinidad del sustrato de cuatro portainjertos de palto (Persea americana Mill.), injertados con dos cultivares en vivero

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en SuelosEl palto (Persea americana Mill.) es un cultivo de gran importancia económica, siendo el Perú el segundo exportador mundial; a la vez es un cultivo sensible a la salinidad del suelo, por lo que es importante encontrar portainjertos y cultivares que presenten características deseables para tolerar esta limitante. El presente trabajo experimental, se llevó a cabo en el Vívero de la Estación Experimental La Molina (CELM - INIA), ubicado en el distrito de La Molina - Lima. Se evaluaron tres niveles de salinidad del sustrato (S1 = 5.00 dS.m-1, S2 = 3.00 dS.m-1, S3 = 1.00 dS.m-1), cuatro variedades de portainjertos (P1 = Zutano, P2 = Duke 7, P3 = Verónica, P4 = Israel) y dos cultivares de injertos (I1 = Hass, I2 = Fuerte). Se evaluaron: altura de planta (cm), diámetro de tallo del portainjerto (mm), materia seca de material vegetal aéreo (gramos/planta), materia seca de raices (gramos/planta), materia seca total (gramos/planta), concentración de sodio y cloruros en raices, hojas del portainjerto e injerto (%) y daño foliar. Se empleó el diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar (DBCA) con arreglo factorial de 3 x 4 x 2, con veinticuatro tratamientos y cuatro bloques. Los resultados obtenidos al finalizar el experimento indican que el portainjerto Verónica, cuando fue injertado con Hass presentó mayor altura de planta (61.71 cm) y diámetro (7.48 mm). Asimismo, éste portainjerto alcanzó mayor acumulación de materia seca (19.77 gramos/planta), y presentó menor concentración de cloruros en hojas del injerto (0.32%). No presentó diferencias significativas con los demás portainjertos en la concentración foliar de cloruros y en la concentración de sodio en hojas del injerto. El sustrato de 1.00 dS/m (S3), cuando fue sembrado con el portainjerto Zutano presento menor daño foliar (6.00%). En éste sustrato se presentó menores concentraciones de cloruros en hojas de los portainjertos (0.39%) y presentó menor concentración de sodio y cloruros en hojas del injerto (0.01% y 0.33%). Asimismo alcanzó mayor acumulación de materia seca conjuntamente con el sustrato 3.00 dS/m (S2). El injerto Hass, cuando fue injertado sobre el patrón Verónica presentó mayor altura de planta (61.71 cm). Asimismo, éste injerto alcanzó mayor acumulación de materia seca (20.28 gramos/planta).The avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a crop of great economic importance, with Peru being the second world exporter; at the same time it is a crop sensitive to soil salinity, so it is important to find rootstocks and cultivars that have desirable characteristics to tolerate this limitation. This experimental work was carried out in the Vívero of the Experimental Station La Molina (CELM - INIA), located in the district of La Molina - Lima. Three levels of substrate salinity were evaluated (S1 = 5.00 dS.m-1, S2 = 3.00 dS.m-1, S3 = 1.00 dS.m-1), four varieties of rootstocks (P1 = Zutano, P2 = Duke 7, P3 = Veronica, P4 = Israel) and two graft cultivars (I1 = Hass, I2 = Strong). The following were evaluated: plant height (cm), stem diameter of the rootstock (mm), dry matter of aerial plant material (grams/plant), dry matter of roots (grams/plant), total dry matter (grams/plant), concentration of sodium and chlorides in roots, rootstock and graft leaves (%) and leaf damage. The randomized complete block experimental design (DBCA) was used with a factorial arrangement of 3 x 4 x 2, with twenty-four treatments and four blocks. The results obtained at the end of the experiment indicate that the Veronica rootstock, when grafted with Hass, presented greater plant height (61.71 cm) and diameter (7.48 mm). Likewise, this rootstock achieved a greater accumulation of dry matter (19.77 grams / plant), and presented a lower concentration of chlorides in graft leaves (0.32%). It did not show significant differences with the other rootstocks in the foliar chloride concentration and in the sodium concentration in graft sheets. The substrate of 1.00 dS.m-1 (S3), when planted with the Zutano rootstock, showed less leaf damage (6.00%). In this substrate there were lower concentrations of chlorides in the rootstock roots (0.39%) and there was a lower concentration of sodium and chlorides in graft sheets (0.01% and 0.33%). It also achieved a greater accumulation of dry matter together with the substrate 3.00 dS.m-1 (S2). The Hass graft, when grafted onto the Veronica pattern, had a higher plant height (61.71 cm). Also, this graft achieved greater accumulation of dry matter (20.28 grams/plant).Tesi

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN SOILS WITH CROPS INTERCROPPED WITH COFFEE

Background: Studies that help to evaluate agroecosystems are of great importance for world agricultural production in order to achieve a more sustainable agriculture. Objective: To evaluate the physical and chemical attributes of the soil with crops intercropped with coffee. Methodology: The research was carried out on the property of a family farmer located in the municipality of Alegre, state of Espírito Santo, in southeastern Brazil. For this, three farming systems were defined: monoculture coffee, coffee intercropped with plantain, and coffee intercropped with plantain and hearts of palm. Five randomly selected experimental units were established in each system. The physical attributes were evaluated: texture and mechanical resistance of the soil; and chemical attributes: pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al+H, SB, CIC-e, CIC-T, %SB, %SA and MO. Results: Soil texture was similar in the three cultivation systems, however, the monoculture coffee soil had a higher percentage of sand and a lower percentage of clay. The mechanical resistance was similar between the culture systems in the two depths evaluated. Regarding chemical attributes, monoculture coffee presented higher values for pH, P, K, Ca and Mg, SB, CICe and %SB, and lower value for organic matter content. Conclusion: These results show that the physical and chemical attributes of the soil are affected by intercropping with coffee, so it is necessary to modify the agronomic management for these conditions