The effect of distractors on starting-delay, missed opportunities and unsafe crossings of children and adults in a simulated pedestrian crossing task

The aims of the research were to investigate the effect of distractors on the pedestrian skills of children and adults. The pedestrian skill of deciding when it is safe to cross a road (decision-making skill) was assessed by a computer-presented simulated pedestrian task. It was predicted that distractors would reduce the performance of all age groups, with the reduction being greater for younger children. The pedestrian skills of Grade 2, Grade 4 and Grade 6 children and adults were assessed in three conditions, without distractors, with on-screen distractors and with off-screen distractors. The results showed that off-road distractors, whether visual or auditory, increased the starting-delay of all age groups. There was no significant difference between off-road-visual and off-road-auditory distractors for any age group except for Grade 6 children. Off-road-auditory distractors increased starting-delay more than off-road-visual distractors for Grade 6 children. Furthermore, off-road and on-road distractors increased the number of missed opportunities for Grade 2 children. On-road distractors increased the number of missed opportunities of Grade 4 and Grade 6 children. The increase was greater for Grade 6 children. The number of unsafe crossings was higher in the condition without distractors. Overall, decision-making skills were vulnerable to distractors. The degree of vulnerability differed depending on age and the specific measures of pedestrian skill

The Comparison of Kashshaf Commentary with Safi and Shawahid Al-Tanzil Commentaries in Terms Of Infallible Imams' Status

Most Shia Commentators such as Feiz Kashani and several Sunni commentators such as Zamakhshari and Haskani have long tried to match some Quranic verses with Holy Prophet's household in their commentaries, based on the traditions related to their occasions of revelation. The present paper seeks to reanalyze such matching in their commentaries. The findings indicate although Zamakhshari have explained the occasions of revelation in details, he has referred and explained only %10 (21 out of 200) of verses related to the virtues of Holy Prophet's household, and very few of infallible Imams' virtues below these verses. He has avoided not only mentioning the verses related to the virtues of the Holy Prophet's household with widely transmitted occasions of revelations, but also analyzing them. On the contrary, Haskani has discussed infallible Imams' virtues and merits through general methods in his Shawahid Al-Tanzil Commentary, using more than 1200 traditions below 210 verses; and Feiz Kashani has explained and clarified infallible Imams' virtues in his Safi Commentary, using particular methods

The development of road safety related skills : the effect of distractors and the role of attentional processes

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The role of attention in the development of pedestrian skills: deciding when to cross the road in a simulated pedestrian task

[Abstract

The effect of distractors on starting-delay, missed opportunities and unsafe crossings of children and adults in a simulated pedestrian crossing task

The aims of the research were to investigate the effect of distractors on the pedestrian skills of children and adults. The pedestrian skill of deciding when it is safe to cross a road (decision-making skill) was assessed by a computer-presented simulated pedestrian task. It was predicted that distractors would reduce the performance of all age groups, with the reduction being greater for younger children. The pedestrian skills of Grade 2, Grade 4 and Grade 6 children and adults were assessed in three conditions, without distractors, with on-screen distractors and with off-screen distractors. The results showed that off-road distractors, whether visual or auditory, increased the starting-delay of all age groups. There was no significant difference between off-road-visual and off-road-auditory distractors for any age group except for Grade 6 children. Off-road-auditory distractors increased starting-delay more than off-road-visual distractors for Grade 6 children. Furthermore, off-road and on-road distractors increased the number of missed opportunities for Grade 2 children. On-road distractors increased the number of missed opportunities of Grade 4 and Grade 6 children. The increase was greater for Grade 6 children. The number of unsafe crossings was higher in the condition without distractors. Overall, decision-making skills were vulnerable to distractors. The degree of vulnerability differed depending on age and the specific measures of pedestrian skill

Driving behavior: traffic risk perception and intentions to commit driving violations in Iran

Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death and injuries. Violation of traffic rules is one of the reasons for accident involvement. The aim of the current study was to predict aberrant driving behavior by traffic risk perception and intentions based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs. A total of 100 students participated in the study. Three questionnaires were administrated including Traffic Risk Perception Questionnaire, a TPB based Questionnaire and Driving Behavior Questionnaire. The results indicated that intention and behavioral attitude predicted aberrant driving behavior. Age, gender and traffic risk perception were non-significant. In conclusion, behavioural attitudes towards rule compliance were more important than traffic risk perception for performing aberrant driving behaviour. The implication is to increase positive attitudes towards compliance with traffic rules through educational programmes

The effect of proanthocyanidin and casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate on the bond strength durability to caries‐affected dentin

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of proanthocyanidin (PA) and casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP) paste on the micro‐shear bond strength (μSBS) durability of an etch‐and‐rinse adhesive to caries‐affected dentin (CAD). Materials and methods The occlusal surfaces of 80 human molars with occlusal caries were ground to expose flat dentin surfaces with CAD. Then, they were randomly divided into four groups (n = 20) according to the CAD pretreatment. The study groups included no pretreatment, pretreatment with CPP‐ACP for 3 min, pretreatment with PA for 1 min, and pretreatment with PA for 1 min followed by CPP‐ACP for 3 min before adhesive application. After restoring the specimens with composite resin, μSBS testing was performed for half of the bonded surfaces in each group after 24 h and the other half was tested after 6 months of water storage and failure mode analysis was performed. Results The PA group was associated with a higher μSBS than the control and CPP‐ACP groups after 24 hours (p  0.05). No significant difference was observed regarding the μSBS of the PA and PA + CPP‐ACP groups (p > 0.05). The μSBS of the 6‐month specimens was significantly lower than those of the 24‐h specimens for all the groups (p  0.05). The most common type of failure was mixed failure. Conclusion PA pretreatment could stabilize the CAD‐resin interface and protect degradation over time. The same effect was not observed for CPP‐ACP or PA + CPP‐ACP

Socio-demographic and Lifestyle Factors in Breastfeeding Mothers, Referring to Isfahan Health Centers

Background The feeding importance of child in first two years of life and mental damage caused by malnutrition during this period is obvious. However the mother's lifestyle and long-term effects on the health of the mother and infant during breastfeeding period should not be neglected. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between the demographic characteristics and lifestyle of breastfeeding mothers referring to health centers in Isfahan. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 190 breastfeeding mothers were selected by quota sampling from Isfahan-Iran. Demographic and lifestyle questionnaires were completed. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistical methods using of SPSS-16. Results The majority of mothers (88.9%) in breast feeding period have an appropriate lifestyle. The most favorable conditions among different aspects of lifestyle related to spiritual health and the most unfavorable is related to sports and fitness. There was a direct and significant relationship between mother's education and prevention of accidents (r=0.34,

The influence of demographic factors, processing speed and short-term memory on Iranian children’s pedestrian skills

Objectives: Young children, children from lower socioeconomic status and boys have the highest risk of pedestrian injury. This study examined the relationship between cognition and specific pedestrian skills of these groups of children in Iran. Methods: 180 Iranian children aged 7 and 11 years from lower- and higher-socioeconomic status backgrounds participated in the study. A task to identify safe and dangerous road crossing sites and to plan a safe route to cross a road was administered to measure pedestrian skills. Coding and Digit Span subscales of WISC-R were administered to assess processing speed and short-term memory. Results: Identifying safe/dangerous road crossing-sites and safe route-construction abilities increased with age. Boys scored higher than girls when identifying road crossing sites but did not differ to girls in route-construction. Lower socioeconomic status children scored higher than higher socioeconomic status children on the route-construction task. Girls from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds scored lowest on the identifying safe/dangerous sites task and girls from higher socioeconomic status backgrounds scored lowest on the route construction task. Speed of processing was a significant predictor for identifying crossing sites and socioeconomic status was a significant predictor for route-construction. Conclusions: Pedestrian skills are complex and influenced by age, gender, socioeconomic status and cognitive development. Results are discussed in relation to child pedestrian safety research in Iran and road safety education for children

Aberrant Driving Behaviour, Risk Involvement, and Their Related Factors Among Taxi Drivers

The current study aims to investigate the aberrant driving behaviour and risk involvement of Iranian taxi drivers. The sample comprised 405 Iranian taxi drivers, who were recruited with a cross-sectional design, using a self-completion questionnaire survey during October and November 2016. We contribute to the literature by understanding how and to what extent the socioeconomic, demographic, driving, and aberrant driving behaviours influence risk involvement (accident involvement and traffic tickets). The validated 27-item Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) was applied to measure aberrant driving behaviour. The results from valid observations (n = 381) explored a four-factor solution (including errors, ordinary violations, lapses, and aggressive violations) of the DBQ. The results also showed that being a single driver, having a high annual driving mileage, and a high number of daily taxi trips were positively associated with accident involvement. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the more ordinary violations and aggressive violations and accident involvement. Establishing better training and qualification mechanisms for taxi drivers could be considered by traffic safety experts in order to reduce ordinary and aggressive violations