Fracture behavior of single crystal silicon with thermal oxide layer

This paper reports on the effect of oxidation on fracture behavior of single crystal silicon (SCS). SCS specimens were fabricated from (1. 0. 0) silicon-on-insulator wafer with 5-μm-thick device layer and oxide layer were thermally grown. Quasi-static tensile testing of as-fabricated, oxidized and oxidized layer removed specimens was performed. The fracture origin location transited from the surface to silicon/oxide interface and inside of silicon. The transition may be caused by surface smoothing, thickening oxide layer and formation of oxide precipitation defects in silicon during oxidation. The radius of the oxide precipitation defects was estimated, which is well agreed with the fracture-initiating crack sizes

Phylogeny and historical demography of endemic fishes in Lake Biwa: the ancient lake as a promoter of evolution and diversification of freshwater fishes in western Japan

To elucidate the origins of the endemic fish of Lake Biwa, an ancient lake in Japan, and the role of the lake in the diversification of freshwater fish in western Japan, we established a molecular phylogenetic framework with an absolute time scale and inferred the historical demography of a large set of fish species in and around the lake. We used mtDNA sequences obtained from a total of 190 specimens, including 11 endemic species of Lake Biwa and their related species, for phylogenetic analyses with divergence time estimations and from a total of 2319 specimens of 42 species (including 14 endemics) occurring in the lake for population genetic analyses. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that some of the endemic species diverged from their closest relatives earlier (1.3-13.0 Ma) than the period in which the present environmental characteristics of the lake started to develop (ca. 0.4 Ma), whereas others diverged more recently (after 0.4 Ma). In contrast, historical demographic parameters suggested that almost all species, including endemic and nonendemic ones, expanded their populations after the development of the present lake environment. In phylogeographic analyses, common or very close haplotypes of some species were obtained from Lake Biwa and other regions of western Japan. The phylogenetic and historical demographic evidence suggests that there was a time lag between phylogenetic divergence and population establishment and that phenotypic adaptation of some endemic species to the limnetic environment occurred much later than the divergences of those endemic lineages. Population structure and phylogeographic patterns suggest that Lake Biwa has functioned not only as the center of adaptive evolution but also as a reservoir for fish diversity in western Japan

描画テストに関する基礎的研究 2 : 大学生の人物画

The purpose of this paper was to investigate specification on a person drawing of university student. The participants were 148 students, divided into three groups. The number of the first grade male group was 35, first grade female group was 64 and third grade female group was 49. The drawing tasks were a self portrait and a whole body. The results were interpreted by the drawing features items that had refered by previous studies. The occurrence rate (%) was calculated by these items and analyzed by the statistical method. The results were shown in Table.1. All three groups, more than half of subjects showed psychological defense against the person drawings. The placement about a self portrait and a whole body did show no differences among each three groups. There was no difference about the size of these drawings either, too. As for the male group, their drawing motivation was poor. The female group drew a lot of smiled portrait than the male. Better communication style was showed by the female group than the male\u27s. By the comparison of the third grade and first grade, there was a significant change to the propotion between the head and body. It was shown that the person drawing become slenderer according by the age

描画テストに関する基礎的研究 : 大学生のS-HTP法

This study intended as an investigation of S-HTP method.Thirty univer-sity students were tested by S-HTP method twice for one year. The data was analyzed a procedure same as a precedent study (Misawa 1995) and compared it with reported age rates. The result is as follows. As for the occurence rate of drawing consistency and the occurrence rate of an additional drawings, there were many things equivalent to reported rates of a junior high school / a high school student. There were few things in line with re-ported rates of a university student. It was suggested that the subjects of this drawing was childish in comparison with age. About an elements of house - person - tree were ana-lyzed. Similarly a thing with chidishness in age was suggested. On the other hand, drawing after one year for longitudinal point was analyzed. There was high drawing rate of repro-ducibility. There were the subject who had improvement in consistency of drawing and the person whom there was not and the subject who fell of improvement. S-HTP method can detect improvement of person, but was not seen in all student at university.The paper size which used this time was paper of A5 not prescribed A4. There may have been influence of size. The examination about gender gap was not performed.Reliability is high in S-HTP method, and there is reproducibility,too. Growth or a change of a person could be found sensitively by S-HTP method. Furthermore, it will be necessary to do investingation of a chase in future and increase the subject

保育士志望男子学生の意識について

With an increasing number of nursery teacher training schools, the enrollment of male students is also on the rise. Male students are now considered to have tendencies or problems that were never seen before. We studied the awareness of male students wanting to become nursery teachers by examining their written self-introductions, self-portraits and answers to questionnaires. The subjects were first-graders at nursery teacher training schools. We obtained written self-introductions and self-portraits from 103 male students and 238 female students, as well as answers to an awareness questionnaire from 107 male students and 236 female students. As a result, the self-introductions written by male students reflected a tendency of trying to show themselves in the best possible light as a person rather than consider their own position as a teacher in society. Meanwhile, their self-portraits indicated that they tend to depict themselves focusing more on their own selfimage than their wish to make people understand themselves. Their answers to the awareness questionnaire showed no significant gender gap in knowledge about children, but there were some differences in experience and attitudes; for example, male students tend to have distorted self-confidence. We consider it important for teachers to advise their students on the premises that there are such differences in awareness between male and female students

描画テストに関する基礎的研究4 : S-HTP法と枠づけ効果

This paper is intended as an investigation of the fence technique and the drawing patterns of the S-HTP test. The participants were 208 first-grade students. The non-fence group that involved drawing on an A4-sized white paper consisted of 135 participants; the fence group that involved drawing on an A4-framed paper consisted of 73 participants. The drawings were analyzed by the ordering of figures and 18 items about drawing patterns. The following results were obtained: the ordering of figures was the same in both groups, and there were many participants in the fence group who drew a tree first. The drawing patterns of the fence group proved to be larger and more integrative than those of the nonfence group. There were apple trees and scarred trunks, roots contact with frame line.The houses were bigger but the sizes of people were neither small nor large. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the fence technique and the S-HTP test

MMPI性格検査による福祉施設離職者の検討

From results of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) administered to staff of social welfare facilities, this study sought to understand their personality tendencies, and to examine early job turnover. Study subjects were 35 staff members of social welfare facilities (hereafter, the "study group"), all female, with an average age of 19.7 years (SD=2.3 years) and average period of employment of 4.8 years (SD=2.3 years). The study group was divided into two sub-groups: the turnover sub-group composed of 11 persons who quit after an average of 2.3 years (average age: 18.7 years, SD=1.0 year), and the stayer sub-group composed of 24 persons who stayed employed and whose average period of employment was 6.2 years (average age: 19.7 years, SD=2.2 years). For each sub-group, MMPI results were analyzed. Compared to a control group of ordinary female students reported in previous studies, the study group showed significant differences, with low scores on the CS scale and high scores of the L and K scales. Concerning the clinical scales, the study group showed significantly lower scores on the Hs, D, and Si scales. The coefficients of variation (CV) of their scores also tended to be small. Regarding comparisons between the turnover sub-group and the stayer sub-group, significantly higher scores on the L and D scales were observed in the turnover sub-group. The CVs of the turnover sub-group for all the validity scales and the D, Hy, Pd, Pa, Sc, and Ma clinical scales were small. These findings suggest that the study group subjects might have deliberately tried to make "a good impression," and the turnover sub-group had limited differences among individuals and were likely to have self-defensive personalities. Relationships between the personality findings and job turnover are discussed

描画テストに関する基礎的研究 3 : ワルテッグ描画テストについて

A fundamental investigation of the Wartegg-Zeichentest was condcuted. With 123 university students as subjects, the indices of drawing content, order of execution, and rejection were employed, and a comparative discussion was performed with an earlier study (Shobo, et al 1997). Although some areas revealed similar results from that of the earlier study, all in all, there were few matches. To improve the reliability of the WZT, the test needs further consideration