Pieces of Myself all Over the World: Multiple Identities and Diaspora Entrepreneurship

How much is the location of one’s firm determined by the location of one’s self? As an international entrepreneur, the location of self is complicated and contingent. Global transitions are often represented in one’s self-concept, bifurcating people’s self-definitions into home and host, blood and soil, overlapping or conflicting with gender, familial and other identities.However, extant literature largely emphasizes the role of diaspora members’ “psychological bond with the country of origin” and ignores other identities that may influence diaspora economic engagement (Chand & Tung, 2014). Furthermore, the literature seems to focus on first-generation immigrants (Gillespie et al. 1999), and implicitly assumes that second generation family members identify with their parents’ country of origin, too (Alba & Waters, 2012).In reality, second generation diaspora members’ country of origin is the parents’ host country, and socialization provides a background for multiple identities (Ramarajan, 2014). The effect of multiple identity formation further increases when diaspora members are born to or part of mixed couples and/ or have a history of migration patterns across multiple countries (e.g. Indians born in Canada to Indian parents who were born in Tanzania whose grandparents were the original migrants from India). Thus, concepts such as “country of origin” become blurred. That is, operating at the intersection of multiple worlds can make working across borders desirable and potentially also more rewarding. Thus, how second generation diaspora members choose where and how to engage economically with their “home” and “host” countries is an important question. Indeed, from a long-term perspective, countries that have large, economically vibrant diasporas abroad should be interested in maintaining links and remaining attractive not just to migrants, but also their descendants.In this research, we focus on second-generation immigrants and their economic engagement with their “country of origin” and country of residence. We combine theories on multiple identities (Ramarajan, 2014) with that of diaspora entrepreneurship and investment (e.g. Sonderegger and Täube, 2010; Vaaler, 2011). Specifically, we consider how second-generation immigrants’ identities (home, host, gender and familial) influence the formation of new ventures and contrast that with other forms of economic engagement such as remittances and international career moves.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Local Clusters with Non-local Demand: An Exploratory Study of Small Ethnic Worlds in the Indian IT Industry

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Diversity and the Geography of Technology Entrepreneurship: Evidence from the Indian IT Industry

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Culture, Innovation, and Economic Development: The Case of the South Indian ICT Clusters

The Indian software industry has often been cited as an example of a 'role model' for other developing countries trying to catch up, or leapfrog certain stages of industrial development. Having started with basic programming services India has climbed the value chain in IT industries. The question remains, whether such a model could be exported so easily. Therefore it is useful to understand the basic ingredients of this 'model'.Certainly, there are numerous factors contributing to such an extraordinary development many of which could be subsumed under a system-of-innovation-approach taking account of a variety of factors like science-related education and R & D or finance-oriented venture capital and fiscal policy etc. The focus, however, will be on why and how the successful firms have concentrated primarily in a few specific regions predominantly in South and West India.This question pertains to economic geography, but my approach stresses the relationship between different cultures and forms of economic activities. There might be diverse cultural attitudes towards (technological/economic) change or development in different parts of India. In order to investigate whether the social system allows for such changes one should study the relationship between the origin of the successful entrepreneurs and the society they live in. The main hypothesis is that at least some (regional) cultures of India are more apt to social and economic development depending upon these contingencies, the latter being important for other developing countries.The scope of this chapter is to analyse the impact of cultural factors that are supplementing the competitive advantage of regions or countries thereby being supportive to economic growth. More precisely, the transmission for such cultural influences is supposedly taking place through human capital formation. I do not wish to explain such growth solely through culture.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Proximities and Innovation Evidence from the Indian IT Industry in Bangalore

Much has been written on the success of the Indian software industry, enumerating systemic factors like first-class higher education and research institutions, both public and private; low labour costs, stimulating (state) policies etc. However, although most studies analysing the ‘Indian’ software industry cover essentially the South (and West) Indian clusters, this issue has not been tackled explicitly. This paper supplements the economic geography explanations mentioned above with the additional factor social capital, which is not only important within the region, but also in transnational (ethnic) networks linking Indian software clusters with the Silicon Valley. In other words, spatial proximity is complemented with cultural proximity thereby extending the system of innovation. The main hypothesis is that some Indian regions are more apt to economic development and innovation due to their higher affinity to education and learning as well as their more general openness, which has been a main finding of my interviews. In addition, the transnational networks of Silicon Valley Indians seem to be dominated by South Indians, thus corroborating the regional clustering of the Indian software industryhttp://www3.druid.dk/wp/20040010.pdfinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

The Indian software industry-cultural factors underpinning its evolution

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Transnational Networks and The Evolution of the Indian Software Industry: The Role of Culture and Ethnicity

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Breakout from Bollywood? Internationalization of Indian Film Industry

In the context of an emerging economy, the paper analyzes indigenous growth and internationalization. Using novel and original data, the paper studies the Indian film cluster in Mumbai, Bollywood. It argues that as the world’s biggest commercial film cluster and a conspicuous growth phenomenon in an emerging economy context, Bollywood can be seen as a paradigmatic case for adding to our understanding of the development of film clusters outside the USA, as well as suggesting more general insights into the growth and internationalization of industries in emerging economies. The empirical analysis of the paper points to the importance of home market, government regulation, and industry structure for Bollywood’s recent export growth. The paper discusses how the existence of a well-defined and geographically centered social network among producers, directors and other key roles in filmmaking in Mumbai supports the development of a ‘Bollywood model’ of filmmaking with a industry structure remarkably different from Hollywood’s.http://www3.druid.dk/wp/20070006.pdfDanish research unit for industrial dynamicsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Stethoskop statt Megaphon: Die Rolle der Unternehmenskommunikation bei Open Innovation

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Breakout from Bollywood? The roles of social networks and regulation in the evolution of Indian film industry

This paper combines evolutionary perspectives with social network theory in order to explain the recent growth of a prolific and changing indigenous industry in an emergent economy, namely the Indian film industry in Mumbai, India, Bollywood. Using novel and original data, the paper argues that as the world's biggest commercial film cluster and a conspicuous growth phenomenon, Bollywood can be seen as a paradigmatic case for developing general insights into indigenous growth of industries in emerging economies. The paper demonstrates how the existence of a well-defined and geographically centered social network among producers, directors and other key roles in filmmaking in Mumbai influences the evolution of a 'Bollywood model' of filmmaking remarkably different from Hollywood's. The paper adds to social network perspectives in evolutionary theory by suggesting that, given certain social network structures, policy regulation and other environmental factors may be instrumental for industry evolution. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe