2,314 research outputs found
Avaliação econômica de métodos alternativos para a colheita do guaraná.
Avaliacao dos metodos alternativos que permitem flexibilizar a epoca e o periodo da colheita do guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis), com monitoracao nas alteracoes no produto e no custo de producao decorrente dessa nova pratica. Foram definadas quatro modalidades de colheita: direta ou tradicional, indireta ou alternativa, mista - tipo 1 e mista - tipo 2. Os resultados indicaram que todas as combinacao dos metodos alternativos de colheita foram mais onerosas em relacao a tradicional. Porem, um aumento de 8,9% nos custos totais de producao indicam a viabilidade das alternativas, tendo em vista que elas podem porporcionar uma producao razoavel, em uma condicao onde poderia existir nenhuma, seja por escassez de mao-de-obra, seja por excesso de chuvas, podendo o produtor escolher entre os metodos alternativos aquele que mais lhe convier, em funcao de suas condicoes e caracteristicas proprias.bitstream/CPAA-2009-09/4462/1/IT_3_99.pd
A cadeia produtiva do pescado em Manaus.
Caracterização da cadeia produtiva do pescado. Caracterização dos componentes da cadeia produtiva. O setor produtivo. O setor de transporte e serviços. O setor de comercialização. Análises e comentários.bitstream/item/180990/1/FOL-9107.pd
Distribution of dwell times of a ribosome: effects of infidelity, kinetic proofreading and ribosome crowding
Ribosome is a molecular machine that polymerizes a protein where the sequence
of the amino acid residues, the monomers of the protein, is dictated by the
sequence of codons (triplets of nucleotides) on a messenger RNA (mRNA) that
serves as the template. The ribosome is a molecular motor that utilizes the
template mRNA strand also as the track. Thus, in each step the ribosome moves
forward by one codon and, simultaneously, elongates the protein by one amino
acid. We present a theoretical model that captures most of the main steps in
the mechano-chemical cycle of a ribosome. The stochastic movement of the
ribosome consists of an alternating sequence of pause and translocation; the
sum of the durations of a pause and the following translocation is the time of
dwell of the ribosome at the corresponding codon. We derive the analytical
expression for the distribution of the dwell times of a ribosome in our model.
Whereever experimental data are available, our theoretical predictions are
consistent with those results. We suggest appropriate experiments to test the
new predictions of our model, particularly, the effects of the quality control
mechanism of the ribosome and that of their crowding on the mRNA track.Comment: This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article
accepted for publication in Physical Biology. IOP Publishing Ltd is not
responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or
any version derived from it. The definitive publisher authenticated version
is available online at DOI:10.1088/1478-3975/8/2/02600
Like-charge attraction through hydrodynamic interaction
We demonstrate that the attractive interaction measured between like-charged
colloidal spheres near a wall can be accounted for by a nonequilibrium
hydrodynamic effect. We present both analytical results and Brownian dynamics
simulations which quantitatively capture the one-wall experiments of Larsen and
Grier (Nature 385, p. 230, 1997).Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
Estudo preliminar da cadeia produtiva do cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum) no Amazonas.
Caracterização geral da cadeia produtiva do cupuaçu. Setor produtivo. Agregação de valores - Agroindústria. Comercialização. Consumidor final. Análise diagnóstica. Análise prognóstica. Identificação de limitações estruturais e tecnológicas da cadeia produtiva do cupuaçu. Demandas identificadas.bitstream/CPAA-2009-09/10583/1/Doc-17_98.pd
Statistical mechanics of RNA folding: a lattice approach
We propose a lattice model for RNA based on a self-interacting two-tolerant
trail. Self-avoidance and elements of tertiary structure are taken into
account. We investigate a simple version of the model in which the native state
of RNA consists of just one hairpin. Using exact arguments and Monte Carlo
simulations we determine the phase diagram for this case. We show that the
denaturation transition is first order and can either occur directly or through
an intermediate molten phase.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figure
Statistical mechanics of secondary structures formed by random RNA sequences
The formation of secondary structures by a random RNA sequence is studied as
a model system for the sequence-structure problem omnipresent in biopolymers.
Several toy energy models are introduced to allow detailed analytical and
numerical studies. First, a two-replica calculation is performed. By mapping
the two-replica problem to the denaturation of a single homogeneous RNA in
6-dimensional embedding space, we show that sequence disorder is perturbatively
irrelevant, i.e., an RNA molecule with weak sequence disorder is in a molten
phase where many secondary structures with comparable total energy coexist. A
numerical study of various models at high temperature reproduces behaviors
characteristic of the molten phase. On the other hand, a scaling argument based
on the extremal statistics of rare regions can be constructed to show that the
low temperature phase is unstable to sequence disorder. We performed a detailed
numerical study of the low temperature phase using the droplet theory as a
guide, and characterized the statistics of large-scale, low-energy excitations
of the secondary structures from the ground state structure. We find the
excitation energy to grow very slowly (i.e., logarithmically) with the length
scale of the excitation, suggesting the existence of a marginal glass phase.
The transition between the low temperature glass phase and the high temperature
molten phase is also characterized numerically. It is revealed by a change in
the coefficient of the logarithmic excitation energy, from being disorder
dominated to entropy dominated.Comment: 24 pages, 16 figure
Single Molecule Statistics and the Polynucleotide Unzipping Transition
We present an extensive theoretical investigation of the mechanical unzipping
of double-stranded DNA under the influence of an applied force. In the limit of
long polymers, there is a thermodynamic unzipping transition at a critical
force value of order 10 pN, with different critical behavior for homopolymers
and for random heteropolymers. We extend results on the disorder-averaged
behavior of DNA's with random sequences to the more experimentally accessible
problem of unzipping a single DNA molecule. As the applied force approaches the
critical value, the double-stranded DNA unravels in a series of discrete,
sequence-dependent steps that allow it to reach successively deeper energy
minima. Plots of extension versus force thus take the striking form of a series
of plateaus separated by sharp jumps. Similar qualitative features should
reappear in micromanipulation experiments on proteins and on folded RNA
molecules. Despite their unusual form, the extension versus force curves for
single molecules still reveal remnants of the disorder-averaged critical
behavior. Above the transition, the dynamics of the unzipping fork is related
to that of a particle diffusing in a random force field; anomalous,
disorder-dominated behavior is expected until the applied force exceeds the
critical value for unzipping by roughly 5 pN.Comment: 40 pages, 18 figure
Single-molecule experiments in biological physics: methods and applications
I review single-molecule experiments (SME) in biological physics. Recent
technological developments have provided the tools to design and build
scientific instruments of high enough sensitivity and precision to manipulate
and visualize individual molecules and measure microscopic forces. Using SME it
is possible to: manipulate molecules one at a time and measure distributions
describing molecular properties; characterize the kinetics of biomolecular
reactions and; detect molecular intermediates. SME provide the additional
information about thermodynamics and kinetics of biomolecular processes. This
complements information obtained in traditional bulk assays. In SME it is also
possible to measure small energies and detect large Brownian deviations in
biomolecular reactions, thereby offering new methods and systems to scrutinize
the basic foundations of statistical mechanics. This review is written at a
very introductory level emphasizing the importance of SME to scientists
interested in knowing the common playground of ideas and the interdisciplinary
topics accessible by these techniques. The review discusses SME from an
experimental perspective, first exposing the most common experimental
methodologies and later presenting various molecular systems where such
techniques have been applied. I briefly discuss experimental techniques such as
atomic-force microscopy (AFM), laser optical tweezers (LOT), magnetic tweezers
(MT), biomembrane force probe (BFP) and single-molecule fluorescence (SMF). I
then present several applications of SME to the study of nucleic acids (DNA,
RNA and DNA condensation), proteins (protein-protein interactions, protein
folding and molecular motors). Finally, I discuss applications of SME to the
study of the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of small systems and the
experimental verification of fluctuation theorems. I conclude with a discussion
of open questions and future perspectives.Comment: Latex, 60 pages, 12 figures, Topical Review for J. Phys. C (Cond.
Matt
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