Drivers of aquatic macrophyte community structure in a Neotropical riverine lake

We explored the hypothesis that flood events and connectivity interact with local factors (biotic and abiotic) to drive changes in aquatic vegetation in a typical backwater lake connected to the River Parana, Brazil. Over three years, we conducted quarterly surveys to analyse macrophyte composition and abundance, and environmental variables. In total 34 macrophyte species were recorded, with strong dominance of Eichhornia azurea. During periods of low water level, the lake vegetation was primarily structured by distance from the river. Total community abundance and emergent species diversity increased from the outer to the inner lake, while the opposite occurred for submersed and floating species. These changes were strongly associated with gradients of depth, slope, water transparency, oxygen and phosphorus. Two summer flood periods had different effects upon plants depending on flood features (e.g. intensity, duration) and location. Flood-pulses tended to reset the community, both in terms of species abundance and richness, and disrupt competitive processes. Flood disturbances likely governed interactions among facilitation and competition processes. While recovering from the major flood disturbance, E. azurea invested strongly in stem horizontal growth, but less so in leaf production. In this situation the physical structure of E. azurea facilitated colonization by several other macrophyte species, resulting in substantial and rapid increase in species richness. Under a more stable hydrology E. azurea displaced less competitive species by forming dense stands. Connectivity and flood-pulses were the main factors responsible for sustaining high diversity of aquatic macrophytes in the lake, but these drivers interact, in both time and space, with local environmental and biotic drivers to structure the temporally and spatially shifting mosaic of lake vegetation. Our results show the fundamental importance of natural variability of hydrological connectivity and flood disturbances for biodiversity conservation in tropical riverine floodplains. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserve

Response of native <i>Egeria najas</i> Planch. and invasive <i>Hydrilla verticillata</i> (L.f.) Royle to altered hydroecological regime in a subtropical river

Egeria najas Planch. is the dominant native submersed macrophyte of the Upper Paraná River in Brazil, while Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle has recently invaded this area. From January 2006 to December 2007, comprising two annual flood cycles, we conducted monthly surveys at two river stations and two lakes connected to the river within this stretch of the Paraná River, aiming to understand how the hydrological regime influences the distribution and abundance of these native and invasive Hydrocharitaceae species. Hydrilla did not develop in the lakes, possibly due to the elevated proportion of organic matter in the sediment (~10% DW). However, the exotic species dominated the river sites apparently suppressing E. najas. In the lakes E. najas reached a maximum biomass of 628 Ý 82 g DW m-2 but did not surpass 333 Ý 83 g DW m-2 in the river, where H. verticillata peaked at 1415 Ý 255 g DW m-2. Macrophyte biomass development was greatest during low-water periods, with transparent water and high temperatures. Floods probably affected submersed macrophytes (especially in 2007, when an extreme flood caused by an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event occurred) via sediment movement and plant scouring (uprooting) effects, coupled with reduced water transparency. Macrophyte recovery started soon after the (less intense) 2006 flood but was delayed in 2007. In the river recovery started five months after the major flood, but in the lakes no significant plant regeneration was found even nine months after the disturbance. E. najas and H. verticillata started regeneration practically at the same time but H. verticillata had much higher rates of biomass increase

Global diversity of aquatic macrophytes in freshwater

Aquatic macrophytes are aquatic photosynthetic organisms, large enough to see with the naked eye, that actively grow permanently or periodically submerged below, floating on, or growing up through the water surface. Aquatic macrophytes are represented in seven plant divisions: Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Xanthophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta. Species composition and distribution of aquatic macrophytes in the more primitive divisions are less well known than for the vascular macrophytes (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta), which are represented by 33 orders and 88 families with about 2,614 species in c. 412 genera. These c. 2,614 aquatic species of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta evolved from land plants and represent only a small fraction (similar to 1%) of the total number of vascular plants. Our analysis of the numbers and distribution of vascular macrophytes showed that whilst many species have broad ranges, species diversity is highest in the Neotropics, intermediate in the Oriental, Nearctic and Afrotropics, lower in the Palearctic and Australasia, lower again in the Pacific Oceanic Islands, and lowest in the Antarctic region. About 39% of the c. 412 genera containing aquatic vascular macrophytes are endemic to a single biogeographic region, with 61-64% of all aquatic vascular plant species found in the Afrotropics and Neotropics being endemic to those regions. Aquatic macrophytes play an important role in the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems and certain macrophyte species (e.g., rice) are cultivated for human consumption, yet several of the worst invasive weeds in the world are aquatic plants. Many of the threats to fresh waters (e.g., climate change, eutrophication) will result in reduced macrophyte diversity and will, in turn, threaten the faunal diversity of aquatic ecosystems and favour the establishment of exotic species, at the expense of native specie

Environmental predictors of the occurrence of exotic <i>Hydrilla verticillata</i> (L.f.) Royle and native <i>Egeria najas</i> Planch. in a sub-tropical river floodplain: the Upper River Paraná , Brazil

The Upper River Paraná Floodplain System comprises the rivers Ivinheima, Baía and Paraná, which with their associated waterbodies form three subsystems, each showing individual characteristics. Hydrilla verticillata recently invaded the Upper Paraná Floodplain, while Egeria najas is the native most abundant submersed macrophyte. A large flood-pulse, during January-March 2007, abruptly reduced macrophyte stands in many areas to near-zero and dispersed propagules over the entire floodplain. From April 2007 to April 2008, we conducted three surveys sampling for the presence-absence of H. verticillata and E. najas and environmental variables aiming to answer: (1) How rapid is the colonization-regeneration process for both species? (2) Which habitats seem to be more susceptible to their colonization? (3) Which environmental factors can best predict their occurrence? Neither H. verticillata nor E. najas colonized the Ivinheima subsystem. In the Baía subsystem, E. najas had only two occurrences while H. verticillata was not present. In the Paraná subsystem, E. najas predominantly occurred in river channels, but it was also common in floodplain lakes. In April 2007, it was found in 13% of the sites in the Paraná subsystem, increasing to 30% in November 2007 and reaching 34% in April 2008. H. verticillata did not successfully colonize floodplain lakes of the Paraná subsystem. In channels, it had 34% occurrence in April 2007, increasing to 62% in November 2007 and remaining at 62% in April 2008. The role of environmental variables in predicting species occurrence changed depending upon the scale of the analysis. Considering the whole Upper Paraná floodplain, water transparency followed by electrical conductivity were the strongest predictors for both species. Colonization by submersed plants seems improbable in the Ivinheima subsystem owing to its low water transparency besides frequent localized floods; in the Baía subsystem, it seems inhibited by transparency and low alkalinity. Considering just the Paraná subsystem, the proportion of organic matter in sediment, ten times higher in floodplain lakes than in channels, was the best predictor for H. verticillata occurrence (also related to water pH and transparency), while E. najas was only significantly explained by transparency