FAULT DETECTION AND CONTROLLING OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER USING ANN

Fault Detection and controlling is important in many industries to provide safe operation of a process. Heat Exchangers are generally used in process industries. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger  is a common type of heat exchanger used in oil refineries, chemical processes .It is suited for higher-pressure applications. Actuator faults, sensor faults and process faults are the common faults occurring in chemical processes. To identify and remove these type of faults in the system fault detection and controlling techniques are proposed.  In this present work Sensor and Process faults of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger is detected and controlled using Artificial Neural Network(ANN).NARX network (Nonlinear Auto regressive with External input) is used as ANN network structure. Network is trained using Levenberg Marquardt and Bayesian Regularization algorithms. The performance parameters such as Mean Square Error, Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) and Integral Square Error (ISE) are obtained for the above said methods which are shown in simulation results. Tabulated results shows the comparison between the three algorithms. Simulation results also shows the comparison between the controlled response obtained from ANN with and without PID Controller.Â

DIMINUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE BY AN AMALGAMATION OF MYCO AND VERMI REMEDIATION

Due to the development of Industrialization and urbanization, a wide variety of industrial and consumer products, by products and solid waste has been produced. The solid waste generated constitutes the hazardous substance which possesses certain impacts on humans and their environment. In that heavy metal pollution from industries are the serious environmental problems. Rapid development in industries in the last few decades resulted in the strenuous task for finding to manage the waste generated. These hazardous solid wastes have been formulated into reusable end product by the process of bioremediation. Bioremediation is a natural process, which involves the use of organism to remove or neutralize the toxic pollutant from the contamination site. This review focus on the toxic effects of heavy metals on the environment and on the human health as well as the possible bioremediation method of these metals using fungus and earthworm. In order to conserve the environment and resources, the biological remediation by both fungus and earthworm for heavy metals and their efficiency have been summarised in detail

Recent Strategy of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil and Process Influencing Parameters: A Review

Cost of biodiesel produced from virgin vegetable oil through transesterification is higher than that of fossil fuel, because of high raw material cost. To minimize the biofuel cost, in recent days waste cooking oil was used as feedstock. Catalysts used in this process are usually acids, base, and lipase. Since lipase catalysts are much expensive, the usage of lipase in biodiesel production is limited. In most cases, NaOH is used as alkaline catalyst, because of its low cost and higher reaction rate. In the case of waste cooking oil containing high percentage of free fatty acid, alkaline catalyst reacts with free fatty acid and forms soap by saponification reaction. Also, it reduces the biodiesel conversions. In order to reduce the level of fatty acid content, waste cooking oil is pretreated with acid catalyst to undergo esterification reaction, which also requires high operating conditions. In this review paper, various parameters influencing the process of biofuel production such as reaction rate, catalyst concentration, temperature, stirrer speed, catalyst type, alcohol used, alcohol to oil ratio, free fatty acid content, and water content have been summarized

Optimization Studies on Recovery of Metals from Printed Circuit Board Waste

The aim of the study was to recover copper and lead metal from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs). The electrowinning method is found to be an effective recycling process to recover copper and lead metal from printed circuit board wastes. In order to simplify the process with affordable equipment, a simple ammonical leaching operation method was adopted. The selected PCBs were incinerated into fine ash powder at 500°C for 1 hour in the pyrolysis reactor. Then, the fine ash powder was subjected to acid-leaching process to recover the metals with varying conditions like acid-base concentration, electrode combination, and leaching time. The relative electrolysis solution of 0.1 M lead nitrate for lead and 0.1 M copper sulphate for copper was used to extract metals from PCBs at room temperature. The amount of lead and copper extracted from the process was determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and results found were 73.29% and 82.17%, respectively. Further, the optimum conditions for the recovery of metals were determined by using RSM software. The results showed that the percentage of lead and copper recovery were 78.25% and 89.1% should be 4 hrs 10 A/dm2

In-vitro studies of bioactive nanoemulgel from agro-waste and mathematical modeling of drug release

135-142A comparison of the bioactive components present in the 1:16 (% w/v) ethanol extracts of rinds of Citrus limetta, Punica granatum and leaves of Musa acuminata have been carried out. The leaf extract of Musa acuminata revealed the presence of about 88% of components with antimicrobial activities. The current work focuses on a comparative study of fitness of empirical (Zero, First, Higuchi) and semi empirical (Ritger-Peppas) mathematical models to describe the drug release mechanism of the formulated nanoemulgel. In-vitro studies are carried out, of which B1 posed 96% of cumulative drug release. The results revealed that Higuchi model fitted the best for the optimized formulation of B1, B2, and B3 with higher regression coefficient (R2 values of 0.99). The formulation followed the Fickian type of release for the bioactive component, which can be used for treating the fungal infection

Recent Strategy of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil and Process Influencing Parameters: A Review

Cost of biodiesel produced from virgin vegetable oil through transesterification is higher than that of fossil fuel, because of high raw material cost. To minimize the biofuel cost, in recent days waste cooking oil was used as feedstock. Catalysts used in this process are usually acids, base, and lipase. Since lipase catalysts are much expensive, the usage of lipase in biodiesel production is limited. In most cases, NaOH is used as alkaline catalyst, because of its low cost and higher reaction rate. In the case of waste cooking oil containing high percentage of free fatty acid, alkaline catalyst reacts with free fatty acid and forms soap by saponification reaction. Also, it reduces the biodiesel conversions. In order to reduce the level of fatty acid content, waste cooking oil is pretreated with acid catalyst to undergo esterification reaction, which also requires high operating conditions. In this review paper, various parameters influencing the process of biofuel production such as reaction rate, catalyst concentration, temperature, stirrer speed, catalyst type, alcohol used, alcohol to oil ratio, free fatty acid content, and water content have been summarized

Mass Transfer Studies in Three-phase Fluidized Bed Using Response Surface Method

Mass transfer characteristics of co-current three-phase fluidization were determined in terms of mass transfer coefficient and Sherwood number using Box-Behnken method. The experiment was carried out in a 5.4 cm I.D, 6 cm O.D and 160 cm high vertical Perspex column. Gypsum particles of diameter 0.0842 cm, 0.1676 cm and 0.2818 cm, water, and air were used as solid, liquid and gaseous phase respectively. Initially, the superficial liquid velocity was maintained constant and superficial gas velocities varied. After attaining steady state, at a particular gas velocity, the fluidized bed height and manometer readings were recorded for pressure drop estimation. The above-mentioned procedure was repeated for four different liquid velocities in a fluidized bed. The effect of individual phase holdup and mass transfer coefficient for various particle sizes with the specific liquid flow rates and gas flow rates were studied. It was observed that the mass transfer coefficient and Sherwood number increased with increase in superficial gas velocity and particle size in cocurrent three-phase fluidized bed. A quadratic model for bed porosity, gas holdup, Sherwood number and mass transfer coefficient were developed using response surface method (RSM)