13 research outputs found
Comparison of deposition patterns in two programs for applying protectant fungicides to potato stems and leaves for the control of late blight (Phytophthora infestans)
Modelling non-systemic pesticide residues in fruits with initial deposit variability and weather effects
Activity of carbendazim, dimethachlon, iprodione, procymidone and boscalid against Sclerotinia stem rot in Jiangsu Province of China
Suppression of Fusarium wilt of cucumber by ammonia gas fumigation via reduction of Fusarium population in the field
The involvement of phenazines and cyclic lipopeptide sessilin in biocontrol of Rhizoctonia root rot on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by Pseudomonas sp. CMR12a is influenced by substrate composition
Immune Players in the CNS:The Astrocyte
<p>In the finely balanced environment of the central nervous system astrocytes, the most numerous cell type, play a role in regulating almost every physiological system. First found to regulate extracellular ions and pH, they have since been shown to regulate neurotransmitter levels, cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism. There is also growing evidence for an essential role of astrocytes in central immunity, which is the topic of this review. In the healthy state, the central nervous system is potently anti-inflammatory but under threat astrocytes readily respond to pathogens and to both sterile and pathogen-induced cell damage. In response, astrocytes take on some of the roles of immune cells, releasing cyto- and chemokines to influence effector cells, modulating the blood-brain barrier and forming glial scars. To date, much of the data supporting a role for astrocytes in immunity have been obtained from in vitro systems; however data from experimental models and clinical samples support the suggestion that astrocytes perform similar roles in more complex environments. This review will discuss some aspects of the role of astrocytes in central nervous system immunity.</p>