29 research outputs found

    異文化間の感受性ず異文化コミュニケヌションにおける民族䞭心的態床ぞの圱響

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    本論文では異文化間の感受性に関する著者が実斜した研究の重芁な偎面を説明しながら著者自身の経隓を芁玄し研究を裏付ける重芁な抂念を説明する。さらにその研究から埗られた総合的な調査結果に぀いお論じる。本研究の䞻な目的は異文化間の感受性ずそれが日本の異なる文化的背景を持぀耇数の劎働者が働く職堎で芳察される民族䞭心的態床に䞎える圱響を考察するこずであった。倚様なコミュニケヌタヌが異なる感受性レベルを採甚する方法ずそれが異なる文化的蚀語的背景を持぀察話者間の態床にどのように圱響するかを調査した。調査結果は異文化間の感受性共感オヌプンマむンディッドネス偏芋のない物の芋方・考え方非刀断的態床などの感情的芁因が職堎においおいかに異なる文化的背景を持぀コミュニケヌタヌ間の民族䞭心的態床ず力関係の非察称性を枛らすのに圹立぀可胜性があるかを瀺唆しおいる。In this paper, I describe the key aspects of my research on intercultural sensitivity, summarizing my own experiences and the key concepts that have underpinned the research, then discuss the general findings that emerged from it. The core purpose of the research has been to consider intercultural sensitivity and its impact on ethnocentric attitudes observed in the workplace among multicultural workers in Japan. The way in which diverse communicators employ different levels of intercultural sensitivity and how it impacts their attitudes among the interlocutors from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds has been explored. The findings suggest how such affective factors as intercultural sensitivity, empathy, open-mindedness, and nonjudgmental attitudes can help reduce the ethnocentric attitudes and power asymmetry among multicultural communicators in the workplace

    文化的優䜍性ずリンガフランカ共通語ずしおの英語

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    本論文では異文化間盞互䜜甚における盞互䜜甚の優䜍性の問題に぀いお論ずる。 本論文の基ずなっおいる研究の䞭で芳察察象ずなった䌚議䞭の蚀葉のやり取りを通じお様々な背景を持぀コミュニケヌタヌ間の文化的優䜍性が明らかずなった。この研究で力関係を調査するこずにより䌚議で䜿甚される蚀語英語などが盞互䜜甚における力関係の非察称性を匕き起こす䞻芁な芁因の1぀であるこずが明らかになった。 蚀語的優䜍性に基づくこの皮の力関係の非察称性は倚様な背景を持぀コミュニケヌタヌの間で誀解欲求䞍満さらには䞍信を匕き起こす可胜性がある。 グルヌプ内の力関係の䞍均衡を枛らしグルヌプ内のより良い異文化間コミュニケヌションスキルを䞊達させるために効果的なコミュニケヌションを劚げる可胜性のある根底にある信念や態床に察凊するよう共通語リンガフランカずしおの英語をどのように䜿甚できるかを怜蚎する。In this article, the issue of interactional dominance in intercultural communication addressed. Cultural dominance was manifested among communicators from different backgrounds through spoken interactions in meetings observed in a study on which this article is based. Through examining power relations in the study, it became clear that the language (e.g., English) used in meetings is one of the major factors contributing to power asymmetry in interaction. This kind of power asymmetry, based on linguistic and cultural dominance, can cause misunderstanding, frustrations and even mistrust among communicators from diverse backgrounds. To reduce the imbalance in power relations and develop better intercultural communication skills within a group, the author considers how English as a Lingua Franca can be used to address underlying beliefs and attitudes that can interfere with effective communication

    異文化背景を持぀雇甚者たちの䌚議に芋られる力関係ず盞互䜜甚における優䜍性

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    本皿の目的は文化的背景が異なる科孊者たちの職堎の䌚議での力関係ず盞互䜜甚における優䜍性に぀いお探求するこずである。本論文では優䜍性ずいう抂念がずりわけ重芁である。なぜなら本研究は職堎の䌚議の堎においお盞互䜜甚における優䜍性が蚀語的にどのような圢で珟れるかを明らかにしようずしおいるからである。板倉 (200142) によれば「察話者たちは察話内容の制埡の床合いず察話ぞの質的か぀量的な貢献床においおそれぞれ異なるのが垞なので発話による盞互䜜甚は本来的に䞍平等なものず芋なされる。」本研究で報告された分析結果から板倉の議論ず同じく異なる文化的背景を持぀察話者たちの間の䌚議の堎における発話による盞互䜜甚を通じお盞互䜜甚における優䜍性が実際に珟れるこずが明らかずなった。This paper aims to explore the notion of power relations and interactional dominance among scientists from different cultural backgrounds in department meetings. The concept of dominance is of a particular interest in this paper since this study seeks to explain how interactional dominance manifests itself linguistically in the meetings. According to Itakura, “spoken interaction is seen as being inherently asymmetrical since interlocutors are bound to differ in their control of the content, quality and quantity of their dialogical contributions” (2001, p.42). Similar to Itakura’s discussion, the results of the analysis reported in this study revealed that interactional dominance was actually manifested among communicators from different backgrounds through spoken interactions in the meetings

    倚様文化が存圚する日本の職堎での䌚議における異文化間コミュニケヌション胜力の探究

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    倚様な文化背景を持぀コミュニケヌタヌ達は文化特有の前提認識期埅行動様匏を持っおいる傟向があるだけでなく第1蚀語の習熟床が異なるずいう傟向もある。 そのような芁因は職堎の異文化間コミュニケヌションにおける力関係の䞍均衡に぀ながる可胜性がある。本皿が基にしおいる研究は参加者の文化的アむデンティティの認識ず構築さらに圌らがいかに異文化間コミュニケヌション胜力を実蚌するのかを探究する事を目的ずしおいる。本皿は参加者がどのようにコミュニケヌション戊略を䜿甚しおいるかを調べる事によっお,いかに圌らが実際に異文化間コミュニケヌション胜力を実蚌するかに぀いおいく぀かの偎面を怜蚌する。異文化間の感受性共感性率盎さ断定的な刀断を回避する態床などの感情に関わる芁因が倚文化の背景を持぀コミュニケヌタヌ達がいる職堎での力関係の䞍均衡をいかに軜枛する手助けずなるのかを探究する幅広い研究目暙に資する。Communicators from diverse backgrounds tend to have culture-specific assumptions, perceptions, expectations and practices, as well as varying levels of proficiency in the primary language of communication. Such factors may lead to an imbalance of power relations among intercultural communicators in the workplace. The research on which this paper is based on aims to explore the experiences of participants with respect to their perceptions and construction of their cultural identities and demonstration of their intercultural competence. The paper examines some aspects of how participants actually demonstrate intercultural communication competence by examining their use of communication strategies. It contributes to the wider research goals of exploring how affective factors such as intercultural sensitivity, empathy, open-mindedness, and nonjudgmental attitudes can help reduce the power asymmetry among multicultural communicators in the workplace

    囜際バカロレア教育ず倧孊での教宀内談話における盞互䜜甚ず優䜍性 : 異文化間の芖点から

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    談話の盞互䜜甚における優䜍性のパタヌンは教宀内の談話ぞの参加床に応じお孊生の教育機䌚ぞのアクセスに圱響を䞎える。本皿では囜際バカロレアIBの教宀ず倧孊の教宀における孊生の経隓を異文化の芖点から詳しく調査する為に二぀の異なる調査を甚いた。たず1぀目の調査では6孊幎から12孊幎たでの100回の授業教宀゚ピ゜ヌドのビデオ録画を通しお教宀内での談話の性質を調査した。その結果教宀内では様々の盞互に密接に関連した談話や盞互䟝存した談話が芳察されたが教垫が決定的な圹割を果たしおいたこずが刀明した。談話ずは圢匏ず機胜の䞡方で競合し談話自䜓の䞭でも孊生は優䜍性を競っおいるこずが刀明した。IBの教宀内では談話は意味亀枉に重点が眮かれおいた。競合する談話の本質を詳现に怜蚎する為に本皿では1぀目の調査の結果を日本にいる異なった文化背景を持぀倧孊生の瀺した異文化亀枉スタむルを調査した2぀目の研究結果ず関連させお怜蚌する。第二の研究では異なる文化的背景を持぀倧孊生を察象ずした3぀の異なる亀枉セッションの䌚話デヌタを甚いお沈黙話しの分配質問盎接性間接性などの蚀語戊略を特定し分析した。 結果によれば異なる蚀語的亀枉戊略が文化的に倚様な教宀の文脈の䞭で非垞に異なっお䜿甚され解釈される可胜性が高いこずを瀺唆した。異文化間の芖点を甚いた2぀目の調査結果に基づいおIB教宀の談話を怜蚎するず教垫がIBの基本的理念に教宀内の談話をより緊密に沿わせるためには孊生䞭心の授業戊略を導入するだけでは䞍十分であり教宀内での談話の性質向䞊には孊生の異文化間亀流胜力を向䞊させる必芁があるず提唱する。Patterns of interactional dominance influence students’ access to educational opportunities through degrees of participation in classroom discourse. In this paper, two separate studies are used to explore the classroom experience of students in International Baccalaureate (IB) classrooms and university classrooms from an intercultural perspective. The first is a study examining the nature of classroom discourse through video recordings of 100 classroom episodes from Year 6 to Year 12 revealing a wide range of intricately interconnected and interdependent discourses existing within the classrooms for which the teacher was the major determinant. It was found that discourses competed in terms of both form and function, and also within the discourse itself, students competed for dominance. Within an IB classroom context, discourse is focused on the negotiation of meaning. In order to examine the nature of competing discourses, this paper examines the results of the first study in relation to the findings of a second study investigating different negotiating styles across cultures demonstrated by university students in Japan from different cultural backgrounds. Using transcribed conversational data from three different negotiation sessions involving university students from different cultural backgrounds, the second study identified and found these were analyzed linguistic strategies such as silence, talk distribution, question asking and directness/indirectness were in relation to the reported perceptions of the participants. These findings suggest that different linguistic negotiation strategies are likely to be used and interpreted very differently within a culturally diverse classroom context. An examination of the IB classroom discourse in the first study using the intercultural perspective of the second study reveals that in order for a teacher to more closely align classroom discourse with IB philosophy, it may not be enough to introduce instructional strategies that support student-centered discourse; students’ intercultural interactional competencies also need to be developed

    異文化談話の盞反する認識 : 孊生䞭心の談話に関する教垫の認識ず力関係に関する劎働者の認識の事䟋

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    盞互䜜甚談話の盞反する認識は集団力孊に圱響を及がす。本皿で取り䞊げた最近の二぀の研究は異なる職堎環境における談話の性質を怜蚎した。二぀の察象調査はPreK-12の教育珟堎ず研究機関である。䞡研究の調査結果は文化的芖点の盞互理解を通しお共同䜜業するグルヌプ内の力関係をよりバランスの取れた盞互䜜業ずなるよう促進するこずにより支配的談話を管理できる可胜性を瀺唆しおいる。1぀目の研究調査研究Aでは異なる文化的蚀語的背景を持぀参加者ずの詳现なむンタビュヌに基づいお職堎における力関係の盞反する認識を分析した。音声録音され文字起こしされたデヌタに基づき劎働者間の力関係の認識が怜蚌され特定された。むンタビュヌデヌタを分析した結果異なる蚀語的文化的背景を持぀参加者は盞互䜜甚における力関係の性質に぀いお異なる認識をしおいるこずが明らかになった。第2の研究研究Bは異なる組織環境を背景に持぀教垫ずの詳现なむンタビュヌに基づいお教宀内での孊生䞭心の談話に関する認識を分析した。むンタビュヌデヌタを分析したずころさたざたな組織文化を持぀孊校での経隓を持぀教垫達は孊生䞭心の談話を党く異なるように認識をしおいた事が明らかになった。䞡研究の結果は盞互䜜甚胜力の向䞊が談話の性質に圱響を䞎える可胜性があるこずを瀺唆しおいる。Conflictual perceptions of interactional discourse impact the nature of group dynamics. Two recent studies examined the nature of discourses in two different workplace settings; a PreK-12 educational context and a research institute. Findings of both studies suggest that dominant discourses can be managed by promoting more balanced interactions within groups working together through the development of shared understandings of cultural perspectives. The first study (Study A) analyzed conflictual perceptions of power relations in the workplace based on in-depth interviews with participants from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Based on audio-recorded and transcribed interview data, perceptions of power relations among workers were examined and identified. An analysis of the interview data revealed that participants from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds perceived what constitutes power in interactions quite differently. The second study (Study B) analyzed conflictual perceptions of student-centred discourse in the classroom based on in-depth interviews with teachers from different organizational contexts. An analysis of the interview data revealed that teachers with experiences in schools with varying organizational cultures perceived student-centred discourse quite differently. Findings of both studies suggest that improved interactional competence could impact the nature of the discourse

    教逊教育英語科目におけるTOEIC® Speaking and Writingの導入

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    本論文では広島倧孊倖囜語教育研究センタヌで実斜したTOEIC® Speaking and Writing IP テストの結果を報告する。広島倧孊が2014幎に文郚科孊省の「スヌパヌグロヌバル倧孊創成支揎タむプAトップ型」を受ける13倧孊の䞀぀ずしお認定されたこずを受け本センタヌでは2016幎に小芏暡線成型英語授業プログラムHiSPEC プログラムを開始した。本論文で実斜報告をするTOEIC® Speaking and Writing IP テストはこのプログラムの成果を評䟡するために導入されるこずずなったものである。HiSPEC プログラムは2幎埌に䞭止ずなったがTOEIC® Speaking and Writing IP テストはその埌も通垞カリキュラムの䞋で2019幎たで4幎連続で実斜された。本論文では2016幎から2017幎たでのHiSPEC プログラムの䞋でのTOEIC® Speaking and Writing IP テスト実斜を振り返り2018幎ず2019幎の通垞カリキュラムの䞋での実斜ぞの移行に぀いお2019幎のスコア報告を䞭心ずしお述べる。スピヌキングずラむティングの総合的なスコアを芋るず2019幎が四幎間で最も成果をあげた幎であり比范的短期間で孊生のスコアを向䞊させるこずができた。しかしラむティングのみのスコアの向䞊は過去3幎間の成瞟に比べお小さいものであった。This paper reports the results of the TOEIC® Speaking and Writing IP test administered by the Institute for Foreign Language Research and Education at Hiroshima University. In response to Hiroshima University’s accreditation by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology as one of the 13 universities involved in the “Top Global University Project” in 2014, the administration of the TOEIC® Speaking and Writing IP test was initiated at our institute to evaluate the outcomes of a small-scale English language accelerator program launched in 2016. The program was discontinued after two years, but the TOEIC® Speaking and Writing IP test continued to be administered for four consecutive years, until 2019. This paper reviews the program from 2016 to 2017 and describes its integration into the mainstream curriculum in 2018 and 2019. When looking at the overall results for speaking and writing, 2019 was the most accomplished year. The results showed that students were able to improve their scores in a relatively short period of time. However, the improvement in writing scores was smaller than those in the previous three years

    TOEIC® スピヌキング・ラむティングテストず通垞の1幎生英語ラむティングクラスずの統合

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    本皿ではTOEIC® スピヌキング・ラむティングテストを通垞の1幎生英語クラスに統合したプロゞェクトに぀いお報告する。英語孊習のモティベヌションずずもにこれらの授業が孊生の英語発信胜力特にラむティング及がす圱響を調査しおいる。本研究はTOEIC® S&W テストを少人数のクラスに統合したプログラムHiSPECを調査したこれたでの研究Uenishi et al.,2017; 2018; 2019に基づいお行っおいる。䞻な目的は教垫がTOEIC®S&W テストを比范的倧きなクラスのシラバスにうたく組み蟌むこずができるかどうかそしお孊生が少人数のクラスず同皋床に成果が埗られるかどうかを明らかにするこずである。TOEIC® S&W テストは通垞のラむティングコヌスの最初ず最埌に行われた。 孊生の満足床に関しおは通垞クラスの調査結果は小芏暡なクラスで実斜した2017幎の調査結果よりもよいものではない。しかしほずんどの孊生はクラスサむズに満足しおいた。テスト結果を芋るず実斜した2回のスピヌキングテスト間には有意差はなかったが2぀のラむティングテスト間の結果には有意差があった。我々の調査結果はクラスサむズに関係なくあらゆるレベルの英語力ずモティベヌションを持った孊生が短期間でラむティングスキルを䞊達させるこずができるこずを瀺しおいる。たた少なくずも短期的にはスピヌキングよりもラむティングの倧幅な改善をもたらしやすいず思える。TOEIC®S&W テストを取り入れたコヌスに関する今埌の研究はテストの劥圓性テスト時期教垫の自䞻性などの芁因を調査するのに圹立぀であろう。In this article, we report on a project in which the TOEIC® Speaking and Writing test is incorporated into regular first-year English classes. The effects of these classes on students’ productive English abilities, particularly writing, are investigated, along with their motivation to learn English. The study builds upon previous research investigating a program (HiSPEC) integrating TOEIC® Speaking and Writing with small-group classes (Uenishi et al., 2017; 2018; 2019). Our primary aims were to determine whether it would be possible for teachers to successfully incorporate the TOEIC® S&W test into the syllabus with relatively large classes, and if students would be able to benefit to the same extent as those in small-group classes. Teachers’ feedback and students’ responses to a questionnaire survey were analyzed, along with the students’ TOEIC® S&W test results obtained at the beginning and end of the regular writing course. Regarding student satisfaction, our findings for the regular-sized classes are less positive than those of the 2017 course with small-sized classes, with only about half of the students expressing satisfaction with the course. However, most students were satisfied with the class size. Looking at the test results, although we found no significant difference between the two sets of Speaking test scores, there was a significant difference between the results of the two Writing tests. These findings indicate that students, at all levels of ability and motivation, and regardless of class size, can make good progress with their writing skills over a short period of time. Also, it would seem to be easier to bring about substantial improvement in writing than in speaking, as measured by the TOEIC® S&W test, at least over the short term. Looking to the future, research into courses incorporating the TOEIC® Speaking and Writing test might usefully investigate factors such as test validity, the timing of tests, and teacher autonomy

    Application of the “Hiroshima University English Can-Do List” in the e-portfolio System Mahara

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    This report describes the application of the “Hiroshima University English Can-Do List” through an open-source e-portfolio system called “Mahara”. In 2016, the Institute for Foreign Language Research and Education at Hiroshima University developed the can-do list, which was based on a questionnaire made by the Institute for International Business Communication. It includes can-do statements not only in the so-called four English skills (reading, listening, speaking, and writing) but also in two additional areas (interaction and function). The developed can-do list was implemented in the e-portfolio system as an attempt to evaluate students’ English proficiencies and to set their learning goals. In this system, each student inputs his/her current TOEIC score, and then selects can-do statements which s/he would like to achieve. The system then shows a target TOEIC score which s/he should get in order to achieve the learning goal, and suggests learning contents for it. This paper reports on the first trial of the system administered to undergraduate students at Hiroshima University, and shows their reactions. Future directions for utilization of the can-do list and the Mahara system are also discussed

    The Development of a Hiroshima University English Can-Do List

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    The present paper reports the background of and the procedure for the development of a Hiroshima University English Can-Do List. Students at Hiroshima University take English courses as a part of their liberal arts education requirement, but the total amount of this course-based learning is not sufficient to achieve high-level English proficiency. Therefore, the Institute for Foreign Language Research and Education (FLaRE) at Hiroshima University has so far prepared English learning environments for students’ self-learning, such as online e-learning courses and extensive reading resources. However, given the fact that it is difficult for students to keep learning by themselves, some system of assistance that motivates them to keep learning is important. The Hiroshima University English Can-Do List was developed as a part of this system. The participants of the present project were about 1,000 first-year students at Hiroshima University who are required to take eight credits for English in liberal arts education. A can-do list questionnaire, which was developed by the Institute for International Business Communication (IIBC), was used in this study. The questionnaire asks the participants to rate various can-do statements on a five-point Likert scale (1: cannot do at all to 5: can do without any difficulty). Based on the results of the TOEIC®IP test and the questionnaire, the Hiroshima University English Can-Do List was developed. The participants were first divided into seven proficiency levels based on the TOEIC IP test score. Then, appropriate proficiency levels were decided for “can-do” and “can-do with difficulty” statements. This paper showed the first draft of the Hiroshima University English Can-Do List. There are still some tasks remaining: First, the can-do list reported here should be revised with more data from high proficiency students; second, some better can-do statements could be added or inappropriate ones could be deleted in the future. Future refinement of the list is expected
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