Bosons after Symmetry Breaking in Quantum Field Theory

We present a unified description of the spontaneous symmetry breaking and its associated bosons in fermion field theory. There is no Goldstone boson in the fermion field theory models of Nambu-Jona-Lasinio, Thirring and QCD$_2$ after the chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken in the new vacuum. The defect of the Goldstone theorem is clarified, and the "massless boson" predicted by the theorem is virtual and corresponds to just a $free$ massless fermion and antifermion pair. Further, we discuss the exact spectrum of the Thirring model by the Bethe ansatz solutions, and the analytical expressions of all the physical observables enable us to understand the essence of the spontaneous symmetry breaking in depth. Also, we examine the boson spectrum in QCD$_2$, and show that bosons always have a finite mass for $SU(N_c)$ colors. The problem of the light cone prescription in QCD$_2$ is discussed, and it is shown that the trivial light cone vacuum is responsible for the wrong prediction of the boson mass.Comment: 56 pages,8 figure

Lower restrictions for start-ups to list on stock exchanges have mixed results

Firms that use the system grow faster in size, but not in profits, find Hidenori Takahashi and Kazuo Yamad

KINEMATIC PARAMETERS FOR LARGE TRUNK TWIST TORQUE OUTPUTS DURING THE BAR TWIST EXERCISE

This study aimed to clarify the kinematic characteristics for large trunk twist torque outputs during a bar twist exercise, focusing on the angle and angular velocity of the trunk twist. Twenty-one healthy male college athletes performed the bar twist exercise. Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded using the Vicon system (250 Hz) and two force platforms (1000 Hz). The participants were divided into two groups based on the maximal trunk twist torque of an individual compared to the mean value of the all participants. The results revealed that participants who had a large trunk twist torque output showed a large trunk twist angle against the direction of rotation and a large negative trunk twist angular velocity. Therefore, during bar twist training, a maximal trunk twist angle and a large negative angular velocity at the countermovement motion could be effective in obtaining large trunk twist torque

Selective Disclosure: The Case of Nikkei Preview Articles

Nihon Keizai Shinbun (Nikkei for short) is a leading Japanese daily newspaper specializing in economy and business. It is also the largest vendor of Japanese financial and economic databases. During earnings announcement season, the Nikkei morning edition often publishes “preview” articles that are about companies’ sales and earnings. However, these pre-date the actual company announcements, and forecast more accurately the actual results than the existing forecasts, making the Nikkei forecasts value-relevant information. We identify 2,899 preview articles in the newspaper from 2000 to 2010. We examine the circumstances under which these preview articles are written and the impact they have on the market. Our (preliminary) findings show that the market reacts to the information even before the preview articles are printed, suggesting some leakage of the information to market participants. The costs and benefits (or incentives) for companies, Nikkei, and investors are investigated using changes in returns and information content around the events

Strategic design under uncertain evaluations : structural analysis of design-build auctions

I investigate firms' competition over price and product design under uncertain design evaluations in the context of Design-Build (DB) auctions. Reviewers' design evaluations contain uncertainty from a bidder's perspective, leading luck to curtail differences in firms' chances of winning. I model bidders' behavior and derive semiparametric identification of the model primitives. Uncertain evaluations worsen the expected price of design quality, and exacerbate an auctioneer's uncertainty in auction outcomes. A simple adjustment in the auction mechanism may completely shut down the impact of uncertain evaluations on bidding incentives, restoring efficient allocations of projects

Widely Extended [OIII] 88 um Line Emission around the 30 Doradus Region Revealed with AKARI FIS-FTS

We present the distribution map of the far-infrared [OIII] 88um line emission around the 30 Doradus (30 Dor) region in the Large Magellanic Cloud obtained with the Fourier Transform Spectrometer of the Far-Infrared Surveyor onboard AKARI. The map reveals that the [OIII] emission is widely distributed by more than 10' around the super star cluster R136, implying that the 30 Dor region is affluent with interstellar radiation field hard enough to ionize O^{2+}. The observed [OIII] line intensities are as high as (1-2) x 10^{-6} W m^{-2} sr^{-1} on the peripheral regions 4'-5' away from the center of 30 Dor, which requires gas densities of 60-100 cm^{-3}. However the observed size of the distribution of the [OIII] emission is too large to be explained by massive stars in the 30 Dor region enshrouded by clouds with the constant gas density of 10^2 cm^{-3}. Therefore the surrounding structure is likely to be highly clumpy. We also find a global correlation between the [OIII] and the far-infrared continuum emission, suggesting that the gas and dust are well mixed in the highly-ionized region where the dust survives in clumpy dense clouds shielded from the energetic photons.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (PASJ