Palynological study of the endemic woody sonchus from de Flora of Madeira.A morphological and molecular approach

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Flavonoids in phylloclades discriminate endemic Semele androgyna chemotypes from Madeira

Thirty-five randomly-collected Semele androgyna Kunth samples were screened by RP-HPLC for their phenolic composition. Fraction analysis allowed the detection of 17 different compounds. According to their retention times and UV spectra obtained by diode array analysis, these phenolics represent three classes: phenolic acids, flavones and flavonols. Co-chromatography with specific standards enabled identification of quercetin, rutin and quercitrin in Semele tissues for the first time. Polymorphism based on phenolic composition was evaluated using multivariate analysis and showed four distinct S. androgyna clusters. This polymorphism was not associated with morphological diversity or different in ambient light intensities. Biochemical differentiation is thus present in this species. The application of multivariate analysis techniques to RP-HPLC data has allowed the classification of samples into two groups, previously proposed on the basis of morphological and cytotaxonomical information. Therefore, the use of phenolics as chemotaxonomic markers in Semele is highly recommended because of its diagnostic value, even at a subspecies level. Discriminant canonical analysis and Mahalanobis distances confirmed these clusters as recognisable chemosystematic units. However, these units do not support the separation of S. pterygophora.The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) funded this work through the Centre of Macaronesian Studies (CEM). The authors are grateful to the Madeiran Centre of Science and Technology (CITMA), the Berardo Foundation and European Social Funding for financial assistance given during execution of this work. The assistance rendered by Mr Rogério Correia during field collection is gratefully acknowledged.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Interaction Between Audiology And Genetics In The Study Of A Family: The Complexity Of Molecular Diagnosis And Genetic Counseling [interação Entre Audiologia E Genética No Estudo De Uma Família: A Complexidade Do Diagnóstico Molecular E Do Aconselhamento Genético]

Hearing loss is a multifaceted condition with many etiologies, among which genetic mutation is. Therefore, it is important to connect audiological investigation to etiological diagnosis. Aim: this study aims to establish the audiological and genetic profiles of three non-syndromic children with sensorineural hearing loss. Materials and method: three brothers aged 3, 5 and 16 were enrolled in this study. They were submitted to behavioral and electrophysiological hearing tests and molecular studies. Results: the hearing tests showed moderate to moderately severe bilateral symmetric sensorineural hearing loss and an accentuated descending slope. Transient and Distortion Product Otoacoustic emissions were absent in the two younger children. ABR showed a bilateral moderately severe to severe sensorineural hearing loss. P300 showed bilateral normal latencies in the older brother. Molecular tests showed that the two younger children were heterozygote for mutation 35delG on gene GJB2. Conclusion: The combination of speech and hearing tests and genetic analysis allows for the etiologic diagnosis of seemingly similar hearing loss cases, which however display different genetic backgrounds. Molecular studies must be comprehensive enough to avoid precipitated diagnosis which may impair genetic counseling. © Revista Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia. All Rights reserved.745698702Godinho R, Keogh I, Eavey R. Perda Auditiva Genética. Rev. Bras. Otorrinolaringol. [online]. Jan./Fev. 2003, 69, no. 1 [cited 06 Novembro 2005], p. 100-104. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.rborl.org.br/ conteudo/acervo/print-acervo.asp?id=35. ISSN 1806-9312Azevedo MF. Avaliação audiológica no primeiro ano de vida. In: Lopes Filho, OC (org.). Tratado de Fonoaudiologia. São Paulo, Editora Roca Ltda.1997, cap. 11 p.239-63Russo, I.C.P., Santos, T.M.M., A Prática da Audiologia Clínica (2005) São Paulo: Cortez editoraGranato L, Pinto CF, Ribeiro MQ. Perda Auditiva de Origem Genética. In: Lopes Filho OC (org.). Tratado de Fonoaudiologia. São Paulo: Editora Roca1997, cap. 2 p. 25-53Pfeilsticker, L.N., Stole, G., Sartorato, E.L., Delfino, D., Maciel-Guerra, A.T., Genetic investigation of non-syndromic hereditary deafness (2004) Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol, 70, pp. 182-186Petit, C., Genes responsible for human hereditary deafness: Symphony of a thousand (1996) Nature Genet, 14, pp. 385-391Van Camp, V., Willems, P.J., Smith, R.J.H., Non-syndromic hearing impairment: Unparalleled heterogeneity (1997) Am J Hum Genet, 60, pp. 758-764Estivill, X., Fortina, P., Surrey, S., Rabionet, R., Melchionda, S., DÁgruma, L., Connexin-26 mutations in sporadic and inherited sensorineural deafness (1998) Lancet, 351, pp. 394-398Antoniadi, T., Rabionet, R., Kroupis, C., Aperis, G.A., Economides, J., Petmezakis, J., High prevalence in the Greek population of the 35delG mutation in the connexin 26 gene causing prelingual deafness (1999) Clin Genet, 55 (5), pp. 381-382Green, G.E., Scott, D.A., McDonald, J.M., Woodworth, G.G., Sheffield, V.C., Smith, R.J., Carrier rates in the midwestern United States for GJB2 mutations causing inherited deafness (1999) JAMA, 281 (23), pp. 2211-2216Storm, K., Willcox, S., Flothmann, K., Van Camp, G., Determination of the carrier frequency of the common GJB2 (connexin-26) 35delG mutation in the Belgian population using an easy and reliable screening method (1999) Hum Mutat, 14 (3), pp. 263-266Oliveira CA. Determinação da freqüência dos alelos 35delG no gene da conexina 26 em amostras da população brasileira. Campinas, 2005. [Tese de doutorado curso de Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP]Piatto, V.B., Bertollo, E.M.G., Sartorato, E.L., Maniglia, V., Prevalence of GJB2 mutations and the del(GJB6-D13S1830) mutation in Brazilian patients with deafness (2004) Hearing Research, 196, pp. 87-93Del Castillo, F.J., Rodriguez-Ballesteros, M., Alvarez, A., Hutchin, T., Leonardi, E., Oliveira, C.A., A novel deletion involving the connexin-30 gene, Del(GJB6-d13s1854), found in trans with mutations in the GJB2 gene (connexin-26) in subjects with DFNB1 non-syndromic hearing impairment (2005) J Med Genet, 42 (7), pp. 588-594Prezant, T.R., Agapian, J.V., Bohlman, M.C., Bu, X., Oztas, S., Qiu, W.Q., Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA mutation associated with both antibiotic-induced and non syndromic deafness (1993) Nat Genet, 4, pp. 289-294Neto, J.F.L., Pereira, A.C., O que há de Novo no Campo da Genética Molecular da Surdez: Descoberta de Genes para Surdez. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol[online] (2005) Mar/Abr 1999(65)2 [cited, pp. 106-113. , http://www.rborl.org.br/conteudo/acervo/print-acervo.asp?id=1452.ISSN1806-9312, 06 Outubro, Available from World Wide WebSartorato, E.L., A genética da surdez (2000) Pesquisa Fapesp, pp. 26-28. , janeiro/fevereiroRamalho, A.S., (1986) As hemoglobinopatias hereditárias: Um problema de Saúde Pública no Brasil, pp. 119-128. , Ribeirão Preto, Editora da Sociedade Brasileira de Genética;Faria, I., Perda auditiva de origem genética: Uma retrospectiva da literatura. São Paulo (2001), Monografia de Especialização em Audiologia clínica, CediauLloyd, L.L., Kaplan, H., (1978) Audiometric interpretation: A manual of basic audiometry, , Baltimore: University Park Press;Carhart, R., An improved method for classifying audiograms (1945) Laryngoscope, 55, p. 640Silman, S., Silverman, C.A., (1997) Auditory Diagnosis - Principles and Applications, , San Diego-London: Singular Publishing Group;Lopes Filho OC, Carlos RC. Emissões Otoacústicas. In: Lopes Filho, OC (org.). Tratado de Fonoaudiologia. São Paulo: Editora Roca1997. cap.10 p. 221-37Manual do usuário - Ero Scan - Etymotic Research1999Manual do equipamento Biologic - Evoked Potential User Manual BIO -LOGIC1998Musiek, F.E., Lee, W.W., Potenciais auditivos de média e longa latência - In: Perspectivas Atuais em Avaliação Auditiva - Org (2001) Musiek FE, Rintelmann WF. Barueri, pp. 239-267. , São Paulo: Editora Manole;McPherson, D.L., (1996) Late potentials of the auditory system (evoked potentials), , San Diego: Singular Press

Bruttoinlandsprodukt in Schleswig-Holstein 1980 bis 1985

SIGLEBibliothek Weltwirtschaft Kiel C 139044 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Cereal landraces for sustainable agriculture. A review

Modern agriculture and conventional breeding and the liberal use of high inputs has resulted in the loss of genetic diversity and the stagnation of yields in cereals in less favourable areas. Increasingly landraces are being replaced by modern cultivars which are less resilient to pests, diseases and abiotic stresses and thereby losing a valuable source of germplasm for meeting the future needs of sustainable agriculture in the context of climate change. Where landraces persist there is concern that their potential is not fully realised. Much effort has gone into collecting, organising, studying and analysing landraces recently and we review the current status and potential for their improved deployment and exploitation, and incorporation of their positive qualities into new cultivars or populations for more sustainable agricultural production. In particular their potential as sources of novel disease and abiotic stress resistance genes or combination of genes if deployed appropriately, of phytonutrients accompanied with optimal micronutrient concentrations which can help alleviate aging-related and chronic diseases, and of nutrient use efficiency traits. We discuss the place of landraces in the origin of modern cereal crops and breeding of elite cereal cultivars, the importance of on-farm and ex situ diversity conservation; how modern genotyping approaches can help both conservation and exploitation; the importance of different phenotyping approaches; and whether legal issues associated with landrace marketing and utilisation need addressing. In this review of the current status and prospects for landraces of cereals in the context of sustainable agriculture, the major points are the following: (1) Landraces have very rich and complex ancestry representing variation in response to many diverse stresses and are vast resources for the development of future crops deriving many sustainable traits from their heritage. (2) There are many germplasm collections of landraces of the major cereals worldwide exhibiting much variation in valuable morphological, agronomic and biochemical traits. The germplasm has been characterised to variable degrees and in many different ways including molecular markers which can assist selection. (3) Much of this germplasm is being maintained both in long-term storage and on farm where it continues to evolve, both of which have their merits and problems. There is much concern about loss of variation, identification, description and accessibility of accessions despite international strategies for addressing these issues. (4) Developments in genotyping technologies are making the variation available in landraces ever more accessible. However, high quality, extensive and detailed, relevant and appropriate phenotyping needs to be associated with the genotyping to enable it to be exploited successfully. We also need to understand the complexity of the genetics of these desirable traits in order to develop new germplasm. (5) Nutrient use efficiency is a very important criterion for sustainability. Landrace material offers a potential source for crop improvement although these traits are highly interactive with their environment, particularly developmental stage, soil conditions and other organisms affecting roots and their environment. (6) Landraces are also a potential source of traits for improved nutrition of cereal crops, particularly antioxidants, phenolics in general, carotenoids and tocol in particular. They also have the potential to improve mineral content, particularly iron and zinc, if these traits can be successfully transferred to improved varieties. (7) Landraces have been shown to be valuable sources of resistance to pathogens and there is more to be gained from such sources. There is also potential, largely unrealised, for disease tolerance and resistance or tolerance of pest and various abiotic stresses too including to toxic environments. (8) Single gene traits are generally easily transferred from landrace germplasm to modern cultivars, but most of the desirable traits characteristic of landraces are complex and difficult to express in different genetic backgrounds.Maintaining these characteristics in heterogeneous landraces is also problematic. Breeding, selection and deployment methods appropriate to these objectives should be used rather than those used for high input intensive agriculture plant breeding. (9) Participatory plant breeding and variety selection has proven more successful than the approach used in high input breeding programmes for landrace improvement in stress-prone environments where sustainable approaches are a high priority. Despite being more complex to carry out, it not only delivers improved germplasm, but also aids uptake and communication between farmers, researchers and advisors for the benefit of all. (10) Previous seed trade legislation was designed primarily to protect trade and return royalty income to modern plant breeders with expensive programmes to fund. As the desirability of using landraces becomes more apparent to achieve greater sustainability, legislation changes are being made to facilitate this trade too. However, more changes are needed to promote the exploitation of diversity in landraces and encourage their use