ОСТЕОПОРОЗ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ: ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ, МЕДИКО-СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРОБЛЕМЫ (ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)

The authors performed an analysis of published stadies devoted to osteoporosis situation in Russian Federation including epidemiological, social, medical and economical aspects of this pathology. The analysis demonstrated that osteoporosis is reported in every third woman and every forth man of 50 years old and older. Seven vertebra fractures happen every minute and one fracture of proximal femur — every 5 minutes in Russia. An overall number of all key osteoporotic fractures will increase from 590 thousand up to 730 thousand cases by the year 2035. Osteoporosis is financially demanding for healthcare due to high treatment cost of fractures that are accompanied by life quality deterioration, high mortality and invalidization of patients. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that due to high fracture risk the osteoporosis therapy should be assigned to 31% of female and 4% of male patients over 50 years old. Such factors of osteoporosis risks are widespread in the society: smoking, low food calcium consumption, vitamin D deficit, low physical activity. The authors analyzed the problems in organization of medical care to patients with osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures and possible solutions to existing issues. The organization of healthcare should be addressed at identification of high risk patient groups, early diagnosis and assignment of corresponding treatment aimed at decreasing potential fracture risk as well as at pathology prophylaxis.Проведен анализ литературы, посвященной проблеме остеопороза в России, включающей эпидемиологические, социальные, медицинские и экономические аспекты заболевания. Анализ показал, что остеопороз регистрируется у каждой третьей женщины и каждого четвертого мужчины в возрасте 50 лет и старше. Каждую минуту в стране происходит 7 переломов позвонков, а каждые 5 минут — перелом проксимального отдела бедренной кости. К 2035 г. общее число основных остеопорозных переломов увеличится с 590 тыс. до 730 тыс. случаев в год. Остеопороз затратен для здравоохранения из-за высокой стоимости лечения переломов, которые также сопровождаются существенным снижением качества жизни, инвалидизацией пациентов и летальностью. Эпидемиологические исследования показали, что в связи с высоким риском переломов в назначении терапии остеопороза нуждаются 31% женщин и 4% мужчин старше 50 лет. В обществе широко распространены факторы риска остеопороза: курение, низкое потребление кальция с продуктами питания, дефицит витамина D, слабая физическая активность. Проанализированы проблемы в организации помощи пациентам с остеопорозом и остеопорозными переломами и пути их решения. Организация медицинской помощи должна заключаться в выявлении групп высокого риска переломов, ранней диагностике и назначении соответствующего лечения, направленного на предотвращение будущих переломов и профилактику заболевания

Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets

OBJECTIVE: Some studies have suggested alterations of structural brain asymmetry in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but findings have been contradictory and based on small samples. Here, we performed the largest ever analysis of brain left-right asymmetry in ADHD, using 39 datasets of the ENIGMA consortium. METHODS: We analyzed asymmetry of subcortical and cerebral cortical structures in up to 1,933 people with ADHD and 1,829 unaffected controls. Asymmetry Indexes (AIs) were calculated per participant for each bilaterally paired measure, and linear mixed effects modeling was applied separately in children, adolescents, adults, and the total sample, to test exhaustively for potential associations of ADHD with structural brain asymmetries. RESULTS: There was no evidence for altered caudate nucleus asymmetry in ADHD, in contrast to prior literature. In children, there was less rightward asymmetry of the total hemispheric surface area compared to controls (t = 2.1, p = .04). Lower rightward asymmetry of medial orbitofrontal cortex surface area in ADHD (t = 2.7, p = .01) was similar to a recent finding for autism spectrum disorder. There were also some differences in cortical thickness asymmetry across age groups. In adults with ADHD, globus pallidus asymmetry was altered compared to those without ADHD. However, all effects were small (Cohen's d from -0.18 to 0.18) and would not survive study-wide correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSION: Prior studies of altered structural brain asymmetry in ADHD were likely underpowered to detect the small effects reported here. Altered structural asymmetry is unlikely to provide a useful biomarker for ADHD, but may provide neurobiological insights into the trait