Comparison of three methods for measuring psoriasis severity in clinical studies (Part 1 of 2): change during therapy in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, Static Physician's Global Assessment and Lattice System Physician's Global Assessment

BackgroundAccurate and reliable assessment of changes in psoriasis severity is critical in clinical trials of therapies.ObjectiveTo compare Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), static Physician's Global Assessment (sPGA), and the Lattice System Physician's Global Assessment (LS‐PGA) in a trial of systemic treatments for plaque psoriasis vulgaris and to assess whether they measure change in psoriasis induced by therapy.MethodsPatients were randomized to voclosporin or cyclosporine for 24 weeks (the ‘24‐week‐treatment’ group, n = 366), or placebo for 12 weeks followed by voclosporin for 12 weeks (the ‘initial‐placebo’ group, n = 89).ResultsAll scoring systems changed in concert and were sensitive enough to detect reductions in severity during placebo therapy as well as with active therapy (P < 0.01 for each measurement). At study onset, there were poorer correlations of sPGA with PASI (r = 0.45) and LS‐PGA (r = 0.39) than between PASI and LS‐PGA (r = 0.68). After therapy, all correlations were stronger, but sPGA continued to be less well correlated (with PASI, r = 0.85; with LS‐PGA, r = 0.79) than LS‐PGA with PASI (r = 0.90). Two‐ or three‐step improvements in LS‐PGA showed very good to excellent accuracy in corresponding to PASI‐50 and PASI‐75, respectively, and were more accurate than comparable changes in sPGA.ConclusionPASI, sPGA and LS‐PGA are responsive to the varying degrees of improvement in psoriasis induced by either placebo or active therapy. While the three systems capture similar information, each has different reasons for use in a clinical trial.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111966/1/jdv13132.pd

Extreme Ultra-Violet Spectroscopy of the Lower Solar Atmosphere During Solar Flares

The extreme ultraviolet portion of the solar spectrum contains a wealth of diagnostic tools for probing the lower solar atmosphere in response to an injection of energy, particularly during the impulsive phase of solar flares. These include temperature and density sensitive line ratios, Doppler shifted emission lines and nonthermal broadening, abundance measurements, differential emission measure profiles, and continuum temperatures and energetics, among others. In this paper I shall review some of the advances made in recent years using these techniques, focusing primarily on studies that have utilized data from Hinode/EIS and SDO/EVE, while also providing some historical background and a summary of future spectroscopic instrumentation.Comment: 34 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to Solar Physics as part of the Topical Issue on Solar and Stellar Flare