EMBRIOGENESIS OF NEURONAL ELENENTS (GLIOBLASTS AND GABAA RECEPTORS) IN THE HUMAN BRAIN NEUROIMMUNE SYSTEM UNDER PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE

Exposure to alcohol causes imbalances in neuroimmune function and impaired brain development. Alcohol activates the innate immune signaling pathways in the brain. Neuroimmune molecules expressed and secreted by glial cells of the brain (microglia, oligodendroglia) alter the function of neurons and further stimulate the development of alcoholic behavior. Various signaling pathways and brain cells are involved in the transmission of neuroimmune signals. Glial cells are the main sources of immune mediators in the brain, which respond to and release immune signals in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to study neuronal elements: morphometric parameters of glioblasts, synaptic structures and properties of synaptosomal GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors of the neuroimmune system in the embryogenesis of the human brain under perinatal exposure to alcohol. Changes in glioblasts in the brain tissue of human embryos and fetuses were revealed under conditions of chronic prenatal alcoholization with an increase in gestational age compared with control subgroups: a significant increase in the average number of glioblasts, the length of the perimeters of presynaptic terminal structures, postsynaptic density, presynaptic terminal regions were significantly less (p < 0.01) in the study group than in the control comparison group. Exposure to ethanol leads to a decrease in the affinity of GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors, which affects neuronal plasticity associated with the development and differentiation of progenitor cells (glioblasts and neuroblasts) during embryogenesis of the human brain and leads to suppression of GABAergic function in the brain. This causes a disruption in the interconnection of embryonic cells in the brain, leads to excessive apoptosis due to the activation of glial cells of the nervous tissue, disruption of neuroimmune function in the developing brain, changes in neuronal circuits, as well as a change in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory effects, which affects the functional activity in the central nervous system. Glial activation is a compensatory reaction caused by neuroplastic changes aimed at adapting the developing brain of the embryo and fetus under conditions of neurotoxicity and hypoxia under the influence of prenatal alcoholization of the maternal organism and the effect of ethanol on the fetus. The dynamics of changes in glial elements and receptor activity in the nervous tissue of human embryos and fetuses under conditions of prenatal exposure to alcohol indicates a more pronounced effect of alcohol on the earliest stages of human embryo development, which is of great practical importance in planning pregnancy and the inadmissibility of alcoholization of the mother in order to avoid negative consequences in offspring

Innate and acquired immunity indices in assessing the clinical severity of patients with childhood schizophrenia

The results of previous studies suggest pathogenetic role of immune system in the development of schizophrenia. Examination of adolescent and young adult schizophrenic patients showed that the activity/ level of distinct parameters of innate and acquired immunity correlates with acuity and severity of pathological process in the brain. Presumably, evaluation of immune system characteristics in patients with childhood schizophrenia, concerning severity of their clinical symptoms, along with potential therapeutic aspect, may be the basis for early diagnosis of these conditions, and monitoring and prognosis of the further progression of the disease. The objective of our study was to compare clinical and immunological indices in children with schizophrenia to analyze the possibility of using these parameters for determination of the degree of activity of the pathological process. Sixty-two patients (39 boys and 23 girls) from 4 to 17 years of age with childhood schizophrenia were examined. Psychopathological and psychometric methods (PANSS and CGI-S scales) were used to assess mental state of the patients. Immunological parameters were determined in blood serum taken by fingerprick. Activity of leukocyte elastase (LE) and a1-proteinase inhibitor (a1-PI) was determined by spectrophotometric method. To determine the level of autoantibodies to S-100B and MBP, we used enzyme immunoassay. The study revealed activation of innate (by activity of LE and a1-PI) and acquired (by the level of autoantibodies to S-100B and MBP neuroantigens) immunity markers in blood serum of children with schizophrenia. Correlation analysis showed the significant positive correlation between complex evaluation of activation level of the immune system and severity of the patients’ state on the CGI-S scale (r = 0.64, p < 0.0001), as well as severity of negative symptoms according to the PANSS scale (r = 0.34, p = 0.0077). The revealed correlations suggest an opportunity for using immunological parameters (LE and a1-PI activity, and antibodies to neuroantigens), as the additional laboratory criteria for the assessment of clinical state in patients with childhood schizophrenia

Проблемы пространственного развития регионов севера Дальнего Востока России: социологический анализ

The purpose of the article is to identify the features and problems of spatial development of the regions of the North of the Russian Far East. The research was carried out under the project “Modeling the spatial development scenarios of Siberia and the Far East of Russia until 2030: features of the resettlement system” (RFBR grant No. 19-010-00836 A), which won the RFBR competition “Fundamental Scientific Research Projects”. The study is being conducted by the team of the Department of Geourbanistics & Spatial Development of ISPR FCTAS RAS since 2019 and is intended to last for three years. The main goal is to assess the current state of the resettlement system, develop strategic prospects and model alternative scenarios for the spatial development of the regions of the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts. A key feature is the use of interdisciplinary methods based on a combination of economic, mathematical, sociological, statistical and scenario approaches to research. From a practical point of view, the project results will help to plan more rationally the spatial development the spatial development of the country’s regions. The analysis shows that the sociological methods of spatial research have large reserves but are not yet used to the full capacity. This article discusses the current problems of spatial development of the north of the Russian Far East. On the basis of the authors’ development of the empirical research model by a group of scientists of ISPR FCTAS RAS, in August 2019, the survey of respondents of the Kamchatka Krai, the Magadan Oblast` and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was conducted. The results of the opinion poll made it possible to identify differences in migration preferences, a number of features of the economic potential capacity and the quality of infrastructure, and the social sphere of the Far Eastern regions of the country.В статье показаны выявленные особенности и проблемы пространственного развития регионов севера Дальнего Востока России. Исследование выполнено по проекту «Моделирование сценариев пространственного развития Сибири и Дальнего Востока России до 2030 года: особенности системы расселения» (грант РФФИ № 19-010-00836 A), выигравшему конкурс РФФИ «Проекты фундаментальных научных исследований». Исследование ведется коллективом Отдела геоурбанистики и пространственного развития ИСПИ ФНИСЦ РАН начиная с 2019 г. и рассчитано на три года. Основная цель исследования — оценка текущего состояния системы расселения, разработка стратегических перспектив и моделирование вариантных сценариев пространственного развития регионов Сибирского и Дальневосточного федеральных округов. Ключевой особенностью является применение междисциплинарных методов, основанных на сочетании экономико-математических, социологических, статистических и сценарных подходов к исследованию. С практической точки зрения результаты проекта помогут более рационально осуществлять планирование пространственного развития регионов страны. Анализ показывает, что социологические методы пространственных исследований имеют большой резерв, однако пока слабо используются. В данной статье рассматриваются актуальные проблемы пространственного развития севера Дальнего Востока России. На основе авторской разработки эмпирической модели исследования группой ученых ИСПИ ФНИСЦ РАН в августе 2019 г. был проведен опрос респондентов, проживающих в Камчатском крае, Магаданской области и Чукотском автономном округе. Результаты соцопроса позволили выделить различия миграционных предпочтений, ряд особенностей экономического потенциала и качества инфраструктуры, социальной сферы дальневосточных регионов страны