Ideological and Artistic Originality of French Children’s Literature of 19th Century: E. d’Hervilly “Adventures of a Prehistoric Boy”

The article deals with the theme of the formation of children’s literature in the 19th century in France. The relevance of the study is due to the constant interest of both researchers and a wide range of readers in children’s literature as a source of reflection of the socio-cultural characteristics of a particular society. The story of the little-known French romantic writer Ernest d’Hervilli “The Adventures of a Prehistoric Boy”, which has not previously become the object of a special analysis, is examined. The author of the article reveals a pronounced ideological originality of the story, its compositional and artistic features. The nusualness of the reference of the French writer to the late Paleolithic era is emphasized. The author of the article believes that the main character is one of the first examples of a primitive romantic hero. It is argued that thanks to the story of Ernest d’Hervilli in the literature of the 19th century, the theme of the prehistoric past of human, interest in primitive society and the psychology of the maturation of a teenager in a certain period of history appears. It is shown that at the compositional level, taking into account the adventurous register, the author draws attention to the little-known pages of the history of mankind and, thanks to various means of verbal expression, creates a realistic picture of the life, nature and life of the Cro-Magnons

Nature Images in Novel by G. de Stael “Corinna, or Italy”

The artistic relationships of landscape space and national character in the novel by a French writer of the 19th century G. de Stael are examined. The research urgency is caused by the interest of representatives of different areas of the humanities, including literary critics, to the comparative study of peoples in the context of the rapid development of intercultural communication. It is shown that nature as a whole as “the phenomenon of the poetic image” is of great interest from the point of view of analysis of its impact on the character and emotional state of the characters of the novel. Not less important role plays the analysis of specific natural images of Sun, Moon, Earth, Mountains, Water and Fire that are the deepest archetypes, rooted in the collective unconscious. The author comes to the conclusion that these archaic concepts are reinterpreted by the writer under the influence on the formation of national identity, character and habits of the individual, therefore, it becomes possible for the reader to understand the national mentality through the natural archetypes of the novel. It is shown that in the novel the author creates a verbal-based acceptance of “collateral characteristic of mood,” which will then be actively used in the cinema. It is noted that the functions of the landscape in the novel by the French writer would later become the example for the following generations of authors in the description of the southern Italian landscape

Landscape Space in Novel by Germaine de Stael “Corinne, or Italy”

The article touches upon an actual and original theme of identifying the specificity of national character through the description of the landscape space in the artwork. This commitment to understanding the national mentality and its components (national character, ideas, identity) the author finds in the artistic heritage of the French writer of the 19th century. Highlighted observations in the article are especially relevant today, when the comparative study of people seek experts who study intercultural communication in all fields of human activity. Novelty is in the author’s comments on the urban motives in early French romanticism in Germaine de Stael, and their relationship with the natural images - landscapes. On the novel “Corinne, or Italy” the author shows that the harmony of the characters of Germaine de Stael is primarily manifested in closeness to nature. It is noted that the novel’s characters find true pleasure in contemplation of the landscape, so for a writer it is important to show not only the beauty of nature, but the love of the characters to nature. Analytical observations on the text of the novel G. de Stael give rise to a refined interpretation of the well-known writer’ theory of “northern” and “southern” traditions in Europe literature

Oriental Landscape in the Novel “Journey to the Orient” by G. de Nerval

The presented article continues the cycle of the author’s research that reveals the specifics of the perception and artistic embodiment of various types of landscape space in French romantic prose. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to the work of the unjustly forgotten French writer G. de Nerval, who in the novel “Journey to the Orient” was one of the first to acquaint the reader with the specifics of the eastern urban landscape, previously little known in European literature of the 19th century. Analysis of the novel shows that G. de Nerval tried to comprehend the East from different points of view: spiritual, ethnographic and literary and artistic. It is noted that the importance of describing the urban landscape for G. de Nerval testifies to his understanding of the importance  of the links between nature, culture and civilization. It is noted that the floral landscape has various functions in his work: historical, ethnographic and national. As a result, it was established that G. de Nerval in his novel was able to recreate a reliable picture of the East: its oriental landscape is saturated not only with exotic descriptions of flora and fauna, enlivened by the sounds of local nature, but also has valuable author’s comments  that give an idea of the national specifics of the plot

Time Category in Novel “Corinna, or Italy” by Germaine de Staël

The article continues a series of articles devoted to the novel “Corinna, or Italy” by Germaine de Staël, French writer of the 19th century. The article analyzes the system of modelling, typologization and functioning of time plans in the text of the work. The plot-forming and sense-forming functions of time are distinguished. The author of the article also points to the use of perceptual type of temporary construction of the text associated with the subjective author’s narrating. It is argued that this feature of the presentation deepens psychologism and enhances the moral and ethical problems of the novel. It is revealed that the category of time in the novel “Corinna,” in addition to purely rational, acquires additional symbolic significance. The author of the article believes that G. de Staël turns this or that historical time into some additional sign of the event. It is emphasized that the individual author’s symbolism is created in the novel by addressing the ancient history of Italy. It is noted that G. de Staël, without abandoning the traditional methods, also realizes her poetic findings. The author proves that the principles of temporal construction of the novel text evolve in accordance with the writer’s search for new forms

Effect of the host-specific toxin SnTOX3 from Stagonospora nodorum on ethylene signaling pathway regulation and redox-state in common wheat

The fungus Stagonospora nodorum Berk. is the causative agent of Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) of wheat. The most important factors of Stagonospora nodorum virulence include numerous fungal necrotrophic effectors (NEs) encoded by SnTox genes. They interact with the matching products of host susceptibility genes (Snn). SnTox-Snn interactions are mirror images of classical gene-for-gene interactions and lead to the development of disease. We have studied the SnTox3-Snn3 interaction, resulting in the development of infection on leaves and formation of extensive lesions. The mechanism of SnTox3 action is likely to be linked to the regulation of redox metabolism and the influence on ethylene synthesis in the wheat plants, although the molecular mechanisms are not fully unveiled. To characterize the SnTox3-Snn3 interaction, we used S. nodorum isolates differing in the expression of the NEs genes SnTox3 (SnB (Tox3+), Sn4VD (Tox3–)) and two soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, contrasting in resistance to the SNB agent and differing in the allelic composition of the susceptibility locus Snn3-B1: Kazakhstanskaya 10 (susceptible) and Omskaya 35 (resistant). We carried out a comparative assessment of the transcriptional activity patterns of genes responsible for ethylene biosynthesis (TaACS1, TaACО) and signaling pathway (TaEIL1, TaERF1) by real-time PCR and estimated the redox state of wheat plants infected with different isolates of S. nodorum by spectrometry. The induction of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling has been shown to result from gene-for-gene interaction between Snn3-B1 and SnTox3. The results of plant redox status estimation showed that ethylene inhibited accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in SnTox3-sensitive genotypes by regulating the operation of various pro-/antioxidant enzymes at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Our results suggest that NE SnTox3 influences ethylene biosynthesis and signaling, thereby regulating redox metabolism in infected wheat plants as necessary for successful host colonization at the initial phases of infection, which ultimately leads to extensive lesions due to fast pathogen reproduction

Migration of Classic Plot (Ch. Perrault’s “The Blue Beard”) in Modern French Literature of 21^st Century (A. Nothomb’s “The Blue Beard”)

The author analyzes the topical in modern literary criticism issue of classical plots migration in modern French literature of the 21st century. Results of a comparative analysis of the principles and techniques of the plot construction of the tale by Charles Perrault “Blue Beard” (1697) and of the novel by Amélie Nothomb “Blue Beard” (2012) are presented. It is shown that classical works become part of the development of modern literature, fit into the context of everyday life of our time and correspond to the poetics of the new text. Analysis of the composition and the figurative system of Amélie Nothomb’s novel allows to identify its main differences from the fairy tale by Charles Perrault, linked with the radical change of the genre of the narrative. French writer significantly expands the storyline, while maintaining the canvas of the original fairy tale. It is noted that the focusing on adventure, saturation with unusual turns in the development of events and mystical denouement allow to conclude that the investigated novel belongs to the genre of “middle literature.” The authors of the article prove that remakes of classical plots in the literature of the 21st century not only do not detract from the dignity of new genre forms of narration, but also reflect the specifics of the modern context within the continuity of literary traditions