30 research outputs found
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π²Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π-159
ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅ Π-159 ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΡ 200 ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 30 ΠΊΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡ 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ 200 ΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ 10 Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ 100 ΠΌΠΡ. Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ β ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 1 %. ΠΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ 200 ΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π² 9,7 ΠΌΠΡΒ·ΡΡΡβ1 Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ±Ρ, 11 ΠΌΠΡΒ·ΡΡΡβ1 Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ 6,3 ΠΌΠΡΒ·ΡΡΡβ1 Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ±Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° 500 ΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ
ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 238U Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ
At present, discharges of 238U to surface waters by nuclear industry enterprises are limited by radiation factor. Registration and control of 238U discharges to water bodies is performed in units of radioactivity (Bq/year) according to the current permit for the water discharge of radioactive substances. At the same time, uranium belongs to the 1st hazard class by its chemical toxicity (extremely dangerous chemicals), it has hygienic standard for content in surface waters. A comparison was made for the limitation of 238U intake to surface waters, taking into account radiation exposure and chemical toxicity. Activity concentration of 238U in water was calculated, at which the annual dose for a critical population group from water use would be 0,1 mSv/year (scenario 1 β the water object is used for drinking water supply) or 1 mSv/year (scenario 2 β the water object is not used for drinking water supply). The calculated activity concentrations were expressed in units of mass concentrations and compared with the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water, established in Russia, 15 mkg/L. It is shown that compliance with the radiation safety norms does not automatically guarantee compliance with the current hygienic standards for limiting the toxic effects of uranium on population and the environment. The concentration of 238U in water producing the annual dose to population 0,1 mSv taking into account all exposure pathways, exceeds the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water by 15 times. If water body is not used for drinking water supply, the calculated concentration of 238U in water producing the annual dose to population 1 mSv, is higher than the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water by 1500 times. The restrictions imposed by the current hygienic standards for the chemical toxicity of uranium could reduce the permissible discharge levels of 238U to surface waters. It is necessary to develop environmental quality standards for 238U, taking into account its chemical toxicity, and include them to the system of establishment of permissible discharge limits of radioactive substances.Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΡ 238U Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ. Π£ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² 238U Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΠΠΊ/Π³ΠΎΠ΄) Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ 1-ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°), Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 238U Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ 238U Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ 0,1 ΠΌΠΠ²/Π³ΠΎΠ΄ (ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ 1 β Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 1 ΠΌΠΠ²/Π³ΠΎΠ΄ (ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ 2 β Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ). ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ β 15 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/Π», ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² 238U Π½Π΅ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ 238U Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΡ 0,1 ΠΌΠΠ²/Π³ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² 15 ΡΠ°Π·. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ 238U Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΡ 1 ΠΌΠΠ²/Π³ΠΎΠ΄, Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² 1500 ΡΠ°Π·. Π£ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ° 238U Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ 238U Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ 238U Π½Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
At present, the permissible atmospheric release levels of 238U are evaluated only on a basis of its radiation impact on population. At the same time, uranium belongs to the 1st hazard class (extremely dangerous chemicals) by its toxic effect. Limitation of the 238U release to the atmosphere is calculated separately using two criteria β radiation protection (annual dose limits) and chemical toxicity of uranium. It is shown that the permissible release level of 238U by radiation criteria is 100 β 250 times higher than the maximum release level limited by chemical toxicity of uranium. Annual intake limit of 238U for population 8400 Bq/year, established by Radiation Safety Norms NRB-99/2009, under condition of its uniform intake is equal to 184 mkg/kg of body mass per day for the indicated age group. It is 306 times higher than the tolerable daily intake of uranium estimated by World Health Organization. Compliance with the public health regulations in radiation safety does not guarantee that the annual intake of uranium by population would not exceed the tolerable toxicity levels indicated by World Health Organization. Therefore, the established value of the annual intake limit of 238U for the population needs to be revised taking into account the recent World Health Organization publications and the research results in the field of chemical toxicity of uranium. The revised value could be incorporated to the system of establishing the permissible atmospheric releases levels of radioactive substances.Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² 238U Π² Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ 1-ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°). ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ° 238U Π² Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡ 238U, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² 100β250 ΡΠ°Π· Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² ΠΠ Π-99/2009 ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 238U Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 8400 ΠΠΊ/Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ 184 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π² ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠΠ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² 306 ΡΠ°Π·. Π‘ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² 238U Π½Π΅ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠΠ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 238U Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π² Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
A system of dose-effects relationships for the northern wildlife: Radiation protection criteria
The key issue in the assessment system for radiation protection of wildlife is the establishment of dose-effects relationships for reference representatives of natural biota. Within the frame of the EC Project EPIC βEnvironmental Protection from Ionizing Contaminants" (2000-2003), a database has been created, which includes about 1600 records from 440 publications in Russian on the dose-effects relationships in wildlife from northern-temperate climatic zones. The EPIC database βRadiation effects on biota" is based on Russian/FSU experimental and field studies; chronic/lifetime exposures are the focus of the data collection. The database information covers a very wide range of radiation dose rates to biota: from below 1E(-5) Gy d-1 up to more than 1 Gy d-1. A great variety of radiation effects are registered in the EPIC database, from stimulation at low doses up to death from acute radiation syndrome at high doses. The paper presents the dose-effects relationships for northern wildlife in the conditions of low-LET chronic irradiation. The system of dose-effects relationships forms the scale of severity of radiation effects at increasing levels of chronic radiation exposure. The system can be used as a basis for establishing criteria for radiation protection of the Northern wildlife
Methodology for radioecological assessment of radionuclides permissible levels in the seas - protection of human and marine biota
The methodology of radioecological assessment was developed for radionuclides permissible levels in sea waters. The control concentrations were calculated under the following conditions: exposure from consumption of marine foodstuffs should not exceed 10 % of the permissible dose limit. Radiation doses to marine biota of lower than 1 % of the lethal dose or significant dose of chronic exposure are assumed not to lead to a significant impact on populations or communities. Hygienic criteria are more rigid than radioecological ones for most radionuclides. Real concentrations of radionuclides (90Sr, 137Cs, 239Pu, 240Pu and some others) in sea water are 103-104 times lower than control concentrations. The proposed control concentrations of radionuclides in sea water, ensuring the radiation safety of the population, ensure the radiation safety of marine flora and fauna as well
Radioecological impact from radionuclide releases into the rivers
The radiological impacts from radionuclide releases into Techa, and Yenisei Rivers in Russia are discussed. The dose assessments for human and natural biota are calculated using the methodology of multiple pathways of exposure. In the Mayak complex area the collective dose to the Techa River population during 1949-1956 was 6,200 man-Sv. The collective dose from radioactive discharges of the Krasnoyarsk complex into Yenisei River during the period 1958-1991 was about 1,200 man-Sv. A major contributor to this dose was consumption of the fish from Yenisei River (about 70 %). The doses to the natural biota are considerably higher than those to humans by a factor of 10-1000. This difference is most pronounced in the periods of significant radioactive releases. Especially high levels of exposure to biota were demonstrated for Techa River in the period of maximum discharges of radionuclides. A dose rate level of 10 mGy/day to natural biota was exceeded
Issues of establishing the permissible discharge levels of <sup>238</sup>U to surface waters taking into account its radiation and toxic effects
At present, discharges of 238U to surface waters by nuclear industry enterprises are limited by radiation factor. Registration and control of 238U discharges to water bodies is performed in units of radioactivity (Bq/year) according to the current permit for the water discharge of radioactive substances. At the same time, uranium belongs to the 1st hazard class by its chemical toxicity (extremely dangerous chemicals), it has hygienic standard for content in surface waters. A comparison was made for the limitation of 238U intake to surface waters, taking into account radiation exposure and chemical toxicity. Activity concentration of 238U in water was calculated, at which the annual dose for a critical population group from water use would be 0,1 mSv/year (scenario 1 β the water object is used for drinking water supply) or 1 mSv/year (scenario 2 β the water object is not used for drinking water supply). The calculated activity concentrations were expressed in units of mass concentrations and compared with the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water, established in Russia, 15 mkg/L. It is shown that compliance with the radiation safety norms does not automatically guarantee compliance with the current hygienic standards for limiting the toxic effects of uranium on population and the environment. The concentration of 238U in water producing the annual dose to population 0,1 mSv taking into account all exposure pathways, exceeds the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water by 15 times. If water body is not used for drinking water supply, the calculated concentration of 238U in water producing the annual dose to population 1 mSv, is higher than the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water by 1500 times. The restrictions imposed by the current hygienic standards for the chemical toxicity of uranium could reduce the permissible discharge levels of 238U to surface waters. It is necessary to develop environmental quality standards for 238U, taking into account its chemical toxicity, and include them to the system of establishment of permissible discharge limits of radioactive substances
Assessment of doses for Arctic marine biota
The objectives of this paper are the presentation of site-specific radioecological information and development of models, which can be used to calculate doses to Arctic marine biota. The methodology of calculating doses from Ξ±, Ξ², and Ξ³-emitters is presented. This methodology is realized in form of computer code DOSBIO, and model parameters are evaluated. The following annual doses to biota are calculated: internal dose from radionuclides incorporated in the organisms; external dose from contaminated water; external dose from contaminated bottom sediments; total dose as a sum of internal and external doses. Dose conversion factors are calculated for 15 species of marine biota, including fish, sea mammals, molluscs. The list of species includes cod, plaice, haddock, herring, redfish, Greenland halibut, char, saithe, Greenland seal, white whale, ringed seal, bearded seal, and others. The calculations are performed for adult representatives of each species. Calculated dose conversion factors are presented for 11 different radionuclides (H-3, C-14, K-40, Sr-90, Tc-99, Sb-124, Cs-137, Eu-152, Po-210, Pu-239, Am-241). The current and potential doses to marine biota from the Barents and Kara Seas are estimated