55 research outputs found
Political Capitalism: The Interaction between Income Inequality, Economic Freedom and Democracy
In this contribution we study the relationship between income inequality and economic freedom for a panel of 100 countries for the 1971-2010 period. From a panel causality study we find that income inequality has a negative causal effect on economic freedom, while causation does not run in the opposite direction. We argue that the negative effect of inequality on economic liberty is due to the eliteβs political power stemming from its disproportionate control over a countryβs economic resources. The elite uses this power to curtail economic freedom to defend its economic interests by discouraging innovation, competition and protecting its rents. Running a series of dynamic panel estimations, we show that the negative effect of income inequality on economic freedom is robust to different sets of controls and estimation techniques. Finally, we show that the dynamics of the inequality-freedom nexus are to some extent conditional upon a countryβs political regime. When inequality is low, democracies enjoy comparatively higher levels of economic liberty, in line with the interests of a large middle-class. By contrast, economic freedom is lower in democracies (compared to strongly autocratic regimes with the same income distribution) when inequality is high. We argue that the latter finding corresponds to a system of political capitalism or captured democracy, where a powerful economic elite cooperates with politicians and bureaucrats for their mutual benefit
Environmentalism in the EU-28 context: the impact of governance quality on environmental energy efficiency
Environmental policies are a significant cornerstone of a developed economy, but the question that arises is whether such policies lead to a sustainable growth path. It is clear that the energy sector plays a pivotal role in environmental policies, and although the current literature has focused on examining the link between energy consumption and economic growth through an abundance of studies, it does not explicitly consider the role of institutional or governance quality variables in the process. Both globalization and democracy are important drivers of sustainability, while environmentalism is essential for the objective of gaining a βbetter world.β Governance quality is expected to be the key, not only for economic purposes but also for the efficiency of environmental policies. To that end, the analysis in this paper explores the link between governance quality and energy efficiency for the EU-28 countries, spanning the period 1995 to 2014. The findings document that there is a nexus between energy efficiency and income they move together: the most efficient countries are in the group with higher GDP per capita. Furthermore, the results show that governance quality is an important driver of energy efficiency and, hence, of environmental policies.University of Granad
Mechanisms Underlaying Regulation of Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampus by Hydrogen Peroxide
Latest findings provided evidences of the important role of reactive oxygen species in cellular signal processes. In this study we examined the action of hydrogen peroxide on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Millimolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide decreased fEPSP amplitude evoked in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. GABAA receptors antagonist picrotoxin, ryanodine receptors antagonist dantrolene, ATP-sensitive potassium channels antagonist tolbutamide had no influence on the inhibitory effect of hydrogen peroxide whereas non-specific adenosine receptors antagonist caffeine blocked fEPSP depression by hydrogen peroxide, indicating that synaptic transmission inhibition involved adenosine receptors activation. Pretreatment of slices with hydrogen peroxide before the addition of adenosine had no effect on the fEPSP depression caused by adenosine suggesting that functional properties of adenosine receptors are not affected by hydrogen peroxide
Mechanisms Underlaying Regulation of Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampus by Hydrogen Peroxide
Latest findings provided evidences of the important role of reactive oxygen species in cellular signal processes. In this study we examined the action of hydrogen peroxide on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Millimolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide decreased fEPSP amplitude evoked in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. GABAA receptors antagonist picrotoxin, ryanodine receptors antagonist dantrolene, ATP-sensitive potassium channels antagonist tolbutamide had no influence on the inhibitory effect of hydrogen peroxide whereas non-specific adenosine receptors antagonist caffeine blocked fEPSP depression by hydrogen peroxide, indicating that synaptic transmission inhibition involved adenosine receptors activation. Pretreatment of slices with hydrogen peroxide before the addition of adenosine had no effect on the fEPSP depression caused by adenosine suggesting that functional properties of adenosine receptors are not affected by hydrogen peroxide
Multichannel system for recording of neuronal electrical activity in vitro
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ
Patterns of electrical activity generated by biological neural network in vitro
Cultured dissociated neurons forming network in
vitro is a unique system representing living biological neural net-
work developing in fully artiο¬cial conditions. This is a promising
model for study of basic mechanisms of the brain functioning that
requires special tools for interfacing and investigations. We have
developed a set of devices and techniques for culturing of neural
network on the surface of microelectrode sensor and registered
speciο¬c patterns of electrical activity of the living neural network
in vitro
ΠΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ² Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ
Objective.Β To study the clinical features of the course of community-acquired pneumonia and acute obstructive bronchitis in children of different ages in order to optimize the treatment of the acute pathology of the respiratory system.Materials and methods.Β Π cohort of patients with acute respiratory pathology of children with different ages (75 patients) who received inpatient treatment has been formed by the method of simple random sampling. The first (I) clinical group was formed by 51 patients with a verified diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia, acute course, and the second (II) clinical group included 24 children, in which the infiltrative acute process in the lungs was excluded, that is, with manifestations of broncho-obstructive syndrome (BOS). According to the main clinical characteristics, the comparison groups have been comparable. The results of the study have been analyzed by parametric and non-parametric calculation methods, and the evaluation of the diagnostic value of the tests has been performed taking into account their sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) from the perspective of clinical epidemiology.Results.Β The analysis of the main symptoms and signs that troubled the hospitalized patients has showed that the most frequent complaints in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were cough (100%), fever (84,3%) and signs of intoxication (90.2%), which only in every second child (45.1%) were combined with shortness of breath. At the same time, the leading combination of complaints in children with BOS were cough (100% of cases) and dyspnea (83.3% of observations), but often in combination with symptoms of intoxication (70.8% of people) and hyperthermia (in 66.7% of children). The analysis of auscultative changes above the pulmonary fields has showed the asymmetry of auscultative phenomena in majority (90.3% of children) of patients with CAP and in 16.7% of cases in the II group of (P<0,001). At the same time, the persistence of asymmetrycal auscultatory changes in the dynamics of observation for >2 days has been observed in 90.2% of cases in I group and only in 12.5% patients with BOS (P<0,001). There has been recorded the following auscultational symptoms in patients with BOS: weakened breathing diminished breath sounds above both pulmonary fields in every fifth (20.8%) patient, the presence of bilateral (without asymmetricity) crepitation/fine bubbling rales β in 12.5% of subjects. Whistling dry rales without there specific localization have been heard in all patients with BOS but in half (52.9%) patients with pneumonia (P<0.001).Conclusion.Β In detecting pneumonia in children the most sensitive signs were the symptoms' complex combining cough, hyperthermia and/or intoxication, or a combination of cough with symptoms of intoxication and respiratory failure, but the most specific clinical signs were asymmetric dullness on lung percussion and combination of asymmetric diminished breath sounds with focal crepitation/fine bubbling rales which are persisting several days against the background of the initial empirical antibiotic therapy. The most significant signs of acute obstructive bronchitis in children were: the combination of normothermia with cough, wheezing, and expiratory dyspnea, and the absence of asymmetry of percussion and auscultatory phenomena along of signs of chest distention and bandbox percussion sound during examination of the chest, which, in general, are constitute sufficient grounds for patients' assigning of desobstructive therapy.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ:Β ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠ) ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ.Β ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° (75 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²), ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ (Π) ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π» 51 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ Β«Π²Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β», Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ (II) ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ 24 ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° (ΠΠΠ‘). ΠΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π§Π’) ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π‘Π’).Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ.Β ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΠ) Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ (100%), Π»ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° (84,3%) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (90,2%), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° (45,1%) ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ. Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ (100% ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π²) ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΊΠ° (83,3% Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ) Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ±, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (70,8% Π»ΠΈΡ) ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (Π² 66,7% Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ). ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°Π΄ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° (90,3%) Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
I Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΈ Ρ 16,7% II Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ (Π Ο<0,001). ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ >2 Π΄Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ 90,2% Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ 12,5% ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΠΠ‘ (Π Ο<0,001). Π£ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΠΠ‘ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ: ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° (20,8%), Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΉ (Π±Π΅Π· Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ/ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² β Ρ 12,5% ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ. Π‘Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ (52,9%) Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (Π <0,001).ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ.Β ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π»Ρ, Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ Ρ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² β Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ/ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ: ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ, Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ; ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π·Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΡΒ ΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΒ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Β ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Β ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈΠΉΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°,Β ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Β Π₯Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉΒ (1964β2013Β Π³Π³.)Β ΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ; ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Β ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Β ΡΒ ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΒ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠΠΒ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎΒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΒ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅Β ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉΒ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ².ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°:Β Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ³Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π°Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΉ (ΠΠ) ΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ.Β ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ° Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΊΡ (75 ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ²), ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡ (Π) ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π² 51 ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ· Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠΠΎΠ·Π°Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ, Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ³Β», Π° Π΄ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΡ (ΠΠ) ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠΉΡΠ»ΠΈ 24 Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΡ (ΠΠΠ‘). ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²; ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π· ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ (Π§Π’) ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ (Π‘Π’).Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ.Β ΠΠ°ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΠΠ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ (100%), Π»ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ° (84,3%) ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ (90,2%), ΡΠΊΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ (45,1%) ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ· Π·Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ· ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ (100% Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΡΠ²) ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° (83,3% ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ) Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ³, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΄Π½Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ· ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ (70,8% ΠΎΡΡΠ±) ΡΠ° Π³ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡΡ (Ρ 66,7% Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ). ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ· Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ Π½Π°Π΄ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ² Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ (90,3%) Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΡΠ° Ρ 16,7% Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ (Π Ο<0,001). ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π½Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π²Π° Π΄Π½Ρ ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ 90,2% Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ 12,5% ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ· ΠΠΠ‘ (Π Ο<0,001). Π£ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ· ΠΠΠ‘ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ: ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏ'ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ° (20,8%), Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ (Π±Π΅Π· Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ) ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ/Π΄ΡΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ² β Ρ 12,5% ΠΎΡΡΠ±. Π‘Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π²ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ· ΠΠΠ‘ ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ (52,9%) Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΠΠ (Π <0,001).ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ.Β ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π³ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°/ΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ ΡΠ· ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π° Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ β Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΄Π½Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡ
Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ· Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ/Π΄ΡΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΌΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ: ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΄Π½Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ· ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ, Π²ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡ; ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ² Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ² ΡΠ· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΊΡ, Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡ, Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ.ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π½Ρ Π· Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ (1964β2013 ΡΡ.) ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΠ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ; ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠΠ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ². ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π·Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠ² Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°Π±ΠΎ ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ²
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