789 research outputs found
University Autonomy and Organizational Change Dynamics
In this paper university autonomy is discussed from four different analytical
perspectives. First, a discussion is presented of autonomy as conceptualized in
the academic literature covering public sector governance in general. Second,
the concept of autonomy is deconstructed through discussing its underlying
assumptions and by examining the relationship between state authorities and
universities. In so doing the paper proposes an institutional approach to the
study of autonomy. Third, the way in which autonomy affects organizational
design according to centralization, formalization, standardization,
legitimization and flexibility is addressed. Fourth, relating to our
interpretation of the living autonomy we will discuss how reforms that are
aimed at enhancing university autonomy have affected the internal
governance structure. The empirical setting consists of a study on flagship
universities in eight continental European countries. First findings show
tensions as a consequence of the ways in which enhanced institutional
autonomy is interpreted, operationalized and used within flagship
universities. These tensions are manifested by the nature of the interactions
between the traditional academic domain and the emerging executive
structure inside these institutions
Hamiltonian for coupled flux qubits
An effective Hamiltonian is derived for two coupled three-Josephson-junction
(3JJ) qubits. This is not quite trivial, for the customary "free" 3JJ
Hamiltonian is written in the limit of zero inductance L. Neglecting the
self-flux is already dubious for one qubit when it comes to readout, and
becomes untenable when discussing inductive coupling. First, inductance effects
are analyzed for a single qubit. For small L, the self-flux is a "fast
variable" which can be eliminated adiabatically. However, the commonly used
junction phases are_not_ appropriate "slow variables", and instead one
introduces degrees of freedom which are decoupled from the loop current to
leading order. In the quantum case, the zero-point fluctuations (LC
oscillations) in the loop current diverge as L->0. Fortunately, they merely
renormalize the Josephson couplings of the effective (two-phase) theory.
In the coupled case, the strong zero-point fluctuations render the full
(six-phase) wave function significantly entangled in leading order. However, in
going to the four-phase theory, this uncontrollable entanglement is integrated
out completely, leaving a computationally usable mutual-inductance term of the
expected form as the effective interaction.Comment: REVTeX4, 16pp., one figure. N.B.: "Alec" is my first, and "Maassen
van den Brink" my family name. Informal note. v2: completely rewritten;
correction of final result and major expansion. v3: added numerical
verification plus a discussion of Ref. [2
Long spin relaxation times in wafer scale epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001)
We developed an easy, upscalable process to prepare lateral spin-valve
devices on epitaxially grown monolayer graphene on SiC(0001) and perform
nonlocal spin transport measurements. We observe the longest spin relaxation
times tau_S in monolayer graphene, while the spin diffusion coefficient D_S is
strongly reduced compared to typical results on exfoliated graphene. The
increase of tau_S is probably related to the changed substrate, while the cause
for the small value of D_S remains an open question.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl
Linear scaling between momentum and spin scattering in graphene
Spin transport in graphene carries the potential of a long spin diffusion
length at room temperature. However, extrinsic relaxation processes limit the
current experimental values to 1-2 um. We present Hanle spin precession
measurements in gated lateral spin valve devices in the low to high (up to
10^13 cm^-2) carrier density range of graphene. A linear scaling between the
spin diffusion length and the diffusion coefficient is observed. We measure
nearly identical spin- and charge diffusion coefficients indicating that
electron-electron interactions are relatively weak and transport is limited by
impurity potential scattering. When extrapolated to the maximum carrier
mobilities of 2x10^5 cm^2/Vs, our results predict that a considerable increase
in the spin diffusion length should be possible
Localized states influence spin transport in epitaxial graphene
We developed a spin transport model for a diffusive channel with coupled
localized states that result in an effective increase of spin precession
frequencies and a reduction of spin relaxation times in the system. We apply
this model to Hanle spin precession measurements obtained on monolayer
epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) (MLEG). Combined with newly performed
measurements on quasi-free-standing monolayer epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001)
our analysis shows that the different values for the diffusion coefficient
measured in charge and spin transport measurements in MLEG and the high values
for the spin relaxation time can be explained by the influence of localized
states arising from the buffer layer at the interface between the graphene and
the SiC surface.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, including supplementary materia
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