Assessment of Vegetable Lubricants On Microstructural Analysis of Alluminum Produced By Ecae

Micro-structural evaluation of aluminum 6063 extruded by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) method is the purpose of this research. Aluminum alloy (AA6063) bar was annealed at 3500C for 1hr, machined and cut to billets size of 14mm x 14mm x 44mm. these specimens for extrusions were machined to the specified dimension to a visibly good finish. The billets were extruded through ECAE die of 14 x 14mm2 channel cross-section areas, the channel angle was 1200 and the extrusion pressures at which samples with different lubricants extruded were noted and recorded. The punch and container used for the experiment were made of tool steel alloy AISI D2. Four lubricants used in this study include; palm oil, olive oil, coconut oil and groundnut oil. The micro structural analysis of the material extruded with palm oil as lubricant, which gave the least extrusion pressure, produced best grain structures followed by groundnut oil and coconut oil while olive oil was the least. However, palm oil and olive oil has better load reduction than other lubricants. All the lubricants tested greatly enhanced microstructures of A1 6063 and can effectively replace the chemical based lubricants used in forging operations

Effect of Vegetable Based Lubricants on Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Pressure

This research aimed at investigating vegetable based lubricant as a replacement for chemical based lubricants on extrusion pressure of equal channel angular extrusion of Aluminum. In the process, aluminum alloy (Al 6063) was heated at 350°C for one hour, machined and cut to billets size of 11.95 m x 11.95 m x 40 m (l × b × h). The billets were extruded through die of 12 mm x 12 mm channel cross-section area, the channel angle was 60°. Four vegetable based lubricants namely jatropha, neem, castor and cotton seed oils were used. The die was centrally located on the bed of vertical hydraulic testing machine and the billet was inserted into the entrance channel. Lubrication was applied to the billet to decrease its friction and with the channel inner wall. The ram displacement per plunger speed was 1 mm per 1 second respectively. For each lubricant, four samples were extruded through ECAE die to confirm the repeatability of the results and the average values of the extrusion pressure were computed. The results were compared to the sample extruded via conventional lubricants. It was discovered of all the extruded samples, jatropha oil gave the least extrusion pressure of 83 kN, cottonseed oil extruded at 104 kN and castor oil at 151.4 kN while neem oil require the highest pressure at 220.9 kN. The chemical based lubricants that serve as the control from the literature gave the extrusion pressure of 81 kN. It can be concluded that the oil from jatropha seed is the best in terms of extrusion pressure and can effectively replace the chemical based lubricants

PEER-TO-PEER BOTNETS: A SURVEY ON PROPAGATION, DETECTION AND DETECTION EVASION TECHNIQUES

Botnets have been identified as one of the major threats to users in the internet space, nowadays. Unlike other categories of malware, botnets use Command and Control channels to launch and propagate their attacks. These botnets have been classified as centralised and decentralised (Peer-to-Peer). Due to the structure, Peerto-Peer botnets have different behavioural characteristics from centralised botnets. Past researches have equally identified that Peer-to-Peer botnets are more difficult to detect and shutdown compared to centralised botnets. This work provides a survey on the propagation, detection and detection evasion techniques of Peerto-Peer botnets. The study was able to identify various machine learning-based classifiers that have been proposed to detect Peer-to-Peer botnets in the cyber space. It is believed that any identified gap in the detection mechanisms will bring better insights into P2P botnet researches. The work concluded that identifying some of the Peer-to-Peer botnet propagation mechanisms and their detection evasion techniques will enable security researchers and experts to come up with improved botnet identification and mitigation approaches

Effect of Modeling Techniques on the Simulation: Calculating the Stress Concentration Factors in Square Hollow Section T-Joints as a Case Study

The capability of the simulation software motivates the engineers to analyze the stress in complex welded joints where ordinary mathematical expression may lack. However, unfortunately, the simulations were interpreted mechanically without considering the simulation parameters deeply. For this reason, this research aims to study the effect of simulation parameters on the stress concentration factor of square hollow sections structures using ANSYS workbench. In this context, two main meshing techniques (face split vs. slicing) and various behavior of materials (linear vs. nonlinear) having been considered. The outputs of the investigations revealed the superiority of the materials nonlinearity over linear behavior in terms of results acceptability comparing to their corresponding real-life ones. For instance, the supercritical fluid of nonlinear plastic material estimated to be 14 which was closest to the 12 obtained experimentally by Mashiri et al. In addition to that, face split technique outperformed the slicing in terms of result accuracy and solving time. Solving the face split model elapsed 254 s only which is dramatically less than the minimum time (1605 s) of sliced models. This is because any slicing process will lead to the formation of the contact elements at interfaces and uncomfortable meshing which may in turn adversely effect on the simulation efficiency

Dimethylacetamide - an alternative to glycerol as cryoprotectant of Malabari buck semen

The key role of a cryoprotectant is to minimize the chemical and physical stress which occurs during cooling, freezing and thawing of semen. The difference between the cryoprotectant (CPA) occurs in their permeability coefficient and the structural model of the cryogenic agent. The beneficial effect of dimethylacetamide (DMA) as a cryoprotectant especially for sperms had been observed in several studies. The aim of the study was to study the cryoprotective effect of DMA in freezing the Malabari buck semen compared to glycerol. Ten ejaculates were taken from fourMalabaribucks . After preliminary evaluation sample split technique was followed with Tris based extender containing glycerol (6.7 per cent) as cryoprotectant (control) and Trisextender containing DMA (3 per cent) as cryoprotectant (treatment group). The semen straws (0.25mL) after filling were subjected for equilibration and manual freezing. Sperm kinetics was studied using computer-aided sperm analyzer. Pre-freeze and post-thaw evaluation included sperm viability, sperm abnormality, hypo osmotic test, acrosome integrity test and DNA fragmentation. Results indicated that inclusion of 6.7 per cent glycerol had significantly higher (p<0.05) post-thaw values than DMA. From our study we conclude that 6.7 per cent glycerol was better than 3 per cent DMA in cryopreservation of Malabari buck semen

Radon Activity Concentration Measurements in the Water Collected from the Lower Zab River in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

This study aims to assess radon levels in the water of the Lower Zab River. Knowing the radon concentrations is crucial for understanding the potential risks to human health and implementing protective measures. ARAD7-H2O detector has been used to measure the radon concentration in 28 water samples from the Lower Zab River in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Results show that the radon activity concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 4 Bq.L−1, with an average of 0.61 Bq.L−1, and the resulting annual effective dose (AED) varied from 0.137 to 60.06 Sv.y−1, with an average of 12.08 Sv.y−1. The average radon concentration and AED in the measured samples are below the reference levels recommended by the ICRP and the World Health Organization. Consequently, the LZR water is suitable for human consumption and use and does not present any health hazards related to radon exposure

Evaluation of Vegetable Based Lubricants on Hardness Property of ECAE Aluminum

Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) is the extrusion method that involve s the use of angular die to introduce plastic deformation on any metal espec ially aluminum which in turn improves its hardness. Lubricant’s role cannot be under estimated in the process as it requires reducing the high heat of deformation and extrusion pressure in- volved. The commonly used lubrican ts for this process were from orga nic sources, very scarce and non - environmentally friendly. Hence , it is a great advantage to in vestigate alternative extrusion lubricant from vegetable source. Four vegetable based lubricants such as jatropha oil, castor oil, neem oil and cottonseed oil were selected for this research . The properties of these selected oils were characterized to its physical and chemical properties. Aluminum rod was machined to 17 billets of size 11.95m x 11.95m x 40m (l × b × h) each and was annealed. The billet size was selected based on the configurations of the fabricated ECAE die. Four billets were extruded with each lubricant which makes the tot al of 16billets extruded for the four lubricants and the last billet was used as the con- trol. The hardness of the extruded sa mples was evaluated after the extrusion and compared to the control. The hardness result was compared to the sample extrude d with organic based lubricants from the literature It was di s- covered that all the lubricants tested greatly enhanced hardne ss of the extruded sample but at different magnitude. Jatropha oil exhibit s the greatest hardness on extrusion of Aluminu

Available online www.ejaet.com European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 201 7 , 4 ( 8 ): 592 - 596 Research Article ISSN: 2394 - 658X 592 Evaluation of Vegetable Based Lubricants on Hardness Property o f ECAE Aluminum

Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) is the extrusion method that involve s the use of angular die to introduce plastic deformation on any metal espec ially aluminum which in turn improves its hardness. Lubricant’s role cannot be under estimated in the process as it requires reducing the high heat of deformation and extrusion pressure in- volved. The commonly used lubrican ts for this process were from orga nic sources, very scarce and non - environmentally friendly. Hence , it is a great advantage to in vestigate alternative extrusion lubricant from vegetable source. Four vegetable based lubricants such as jatropha oil, castor oil, neem oil and cottonseed oil were selected for this research . The properties of these selected oils were characterized to its physical and chemical properties. Aluminum rod was machined to 17 billets of size 11.95m x 11.95m x 40m (l × b × h) each and was annealed. The billet size was selected based on the configurations of the fabricated ECAE die. Four billets were extruded with each lubricant which makes the tot al of 16billets extruded for the four lubricants and the last billet was used as the con- trol. The hardness of the extruded sa mples was evaluated after the extrusion and compared to the control. The hardness result was compared to the sample extrude d with organic based lubricants from the literature It was di s- covered that all the lubricants tested greatly enhanced hardne ss of the extruded sample but at different magnitude. Jatropha oil exhibit s the greatest hardness on extrusion of Aluminu

Pearly hairtail, Trichiurus auriga Klunzinger: A prospective non-conventional deep-sea resource

Indian coastal waters, though hugely productive and, despite bearing the major share of total marine fish landing over the past many years of the country, provide only limited scope for further production augmentation. Taking cues from the increasing demand for fishes from domestic as well as international markets that include reduction fish industry, opportunities for spatial expansion targeting non-conventional resources of the deep seas have never been abrogated by the trawler fleet across the maritime states. Thus, they have often encountered lantern fish (myctophids), unicorn leather jacket (Aluterus monoceros), smooth blaasop (Lagocephalus inermis) red toothed triggerfish (Odonus niger) etc., which added to enhance economic benefits from deep sea fishin