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    ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ воздСйствия 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ Π‘Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†Π΅Π²Π° моря Π²Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ источника загрязнСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ гипотСтичСской Π°Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ с Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠ²ΡˆΠ΅ΠΉ Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ К-159

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    Π’Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ воздСйствия излучСния 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡ€ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ для гипотСтичСской Π°Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ с ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠ²ΡˆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅ К-159 ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡŠΡ‘ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ транспортировкС Π² Π‘Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΅. Для описания загрязнСния морской Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π² острый ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ использована двумСрная модСль рассСивания Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² морской Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ источника. Рассчитано Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ загрязнСниС 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr морской Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° расстояниях ΠΎΡ‚ 200 ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 30 ΠΊΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚ источника. Π”ΠΎΠ·Π° острого облучСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr Π½Π° расстоянии 200 ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚ мСста Π°Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ 10 Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ составляСт ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Ρ‚ΠΈ 100 ΠΌΠ“Ρ€. Богласно ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅, Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… эффСктов для ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡ‰Ρ‘Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ β€” ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 1 %. ΠœΠΎΡ‰Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹ хроничСского облучСния морской Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr Π² Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° с ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π°Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° расстоянии 200 ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚ источника загрязнСния ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π² 9,7 ΠΌΠ“Ρ€Β·ΡΡƒΡ‚βˆ’1 для ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Ρ‹, 11 ΠΌΠ“Ρ€Β·ΡΡƒΡ‚βˆ’1 для моллюсков ΠΈ 6,3 ΠΌΠ“Ρ€Β·ΡΡƒΡ‚βˆ’1 для Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… растСний. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ значСния мощности Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹ хроничСского облучСния, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ морской Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹, поэтому нСльзя Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ бСзопасныС для развития популяций ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Ρ‹Π±Ρ‹, моллюсков ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… растСний Π² нСпосрСдствСнной близости ΠΎΡ‚ мСста Π°Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ источника загрязнСния Π½Π° 500 ΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡ‰Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ‹ хроничСского облучСния морской Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ уровня. Π”ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ‚Ρƒ Π‘Π°Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†Π΅Π²Π° моря для Π°Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сцСнария обусловлСны прСимущСствСнно внСшним ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ‹

    Вопросы нормирования поступлСния 238U Π² повСрхностныС Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ токсичСского дСйствия

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    At present, discharges of 238U to surface waters by nuclear industry enterprises are limited by radiation factor. Registration and control of 238U discharges to water bodies is performed in units of radioactivity (Bq/year) according to the current permit for the water discharge of radioactive substances. At the same time, uranium belongs to the 1st hazard class by its chemical toxicity (extremely dangerous chemicals), it has hygienic standard for content in surface waters. A comparison was made for the limitation of 238U intake to surface waters, taking into account radiation exposure and chemical toxicity. Activity concentration of 238U in water was calculated, at which the annual dose for a critical population group from water use would be 0,1 mSv/year (scenario 1 – the water object is used for drinking water supply) or 1 mSv/year (scenario 2 – the water object is not used for drinking water supply). The calculated activity concentrations were expressed in units of mass concentrations and compared with the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water, established in Russia, 15 mkg/L. It is shown that compliance with the radiation safety norms does not automatically guarantee compliance with the current hygienic standards for limiting the toxic effects of uranium on population and the environment. The concentration of 238U in water producing the annual dose to population 0,1 mSv taking into account all exposure pathways, exceeds the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water by 15 times. If water body is not used for drinking water supply, the calculated concentration of 238U in water producing the annual dose to population 1 mSv, is higher than the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water by 1500 times. The restrictions imposed by the current hygienic standards for the chemical toxicity of uranium could reduce the permissible discharge levels of 238U to surface waters. It is necessary to develop environmental quality standards for 238U, taking into account its chemical toxicity, and include them to the system of establishment of permissible discharge limits of radioactive substances.Π’ настоящСС врСмя сбросы 238U Π² повСрхностныС Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ прСдприятиями Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ отрасли, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρƒ. Π£Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ сбросов 238U Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ производится Π² Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ… активности (Π‘ΠΊ/Π³ΠΎΠ΄) Π² соотвСтствии с Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° сброс Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… вСщСств. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом ΠΏΠΎ химичСской токсичности ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½ относится ΠΊ 1-ΠΌΡƒ классу опасности (Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π·Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ опасныС химичСскиС вСщСства), для Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ установлСы гигиСничСскиС Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ содСрТания Π² повСрхностных Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ сравнСниС ограничСния поступлСния 238U Π² повСрхностныС Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ воздСйствия ΠΈ химичСской токсичности. Для этого Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ расчСт объСмной активности 238U Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π° облучСния критичСской Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ насСлСния ΠΎΡ‚ водопользования составит 0,1 ΠΌΠ—Π²/Π³ΠΎΠ΄ (сцСнарий 1 – Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ для ΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ водоснабТСния) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 1 ΠΌΠ—Π²/Π³ΠΎΠ΄ (сцСнарий 2 – Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ для ΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ водоснабТСния). ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ значСния ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… активностСй пСрСсчитаны Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ сопоставлСны с Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ допустимой ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ для ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½Π° Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ – 15 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/Π», установлСнной Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ соблюдСниС санитарных ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π² области Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ бСзопасности насСлСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ сбросов 238U Π½Π΅ Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ автоматичСского соблюдСния Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… гигиСничСских Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ токсичСского воздСйствия ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΡƒΡŽ срСду. ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ 238U Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ достигаСтся Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ 0,1 ΠΌΠ—Π²/Π³ΠΎΠ΄ с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ всСх ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ водопользования, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΡƒΡŽ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π² 15 Ρ€Π°Π·. Если Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ΡΡ для ΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ водоснабТСния, Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ концСнтрация 238U Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, рассчитанная Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ· условия Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ 1 ΠΌΠ—Π²/Π³ΠΎΠ΄, Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ допустимой ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² 1500 Ρ€Π°Π·. Π£Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ гигиСничСскими Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ химичСской токсичности ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½Π°, сниТаСт Ρ€Π°ΡΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ допустимого сброса 238U Π² повСрхностныС Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. НСобходимо Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ качСства ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ срСды для 238U с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ химичСской токсичности ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… Π² систСму нормирования допустимых сбросов Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… вСщСств

    ВлияниС ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π° химичСской токсичности 238U Π½Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ допустимого выброса Π² атмосфСрный Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…

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    At present, the permissible atmospheric release levels of 238U are evaluated only on a basis of its radiation impact on population. At the same time, uranium belongs to the 1st hazard class (extremely dangerous chemicals) by its toxic effect. Limitation of the 238U release to the atmosphere is calculated separately using two criteria – radiation protection (annual dose limits) and chemical toxicity of uranium. It is shown that the permissible release level of 238U by radiation criteria is 100 – 250 times higher than the maximum release level limited by chemical toxicity of uranium. Annual intake limit of 238U for population 8400 Bq/year, established by Radiation Safety Norms NRB-99/2009, under condition of its uniform intake is equal to 184 mkg/kg of body mass per day for the indicated age group. It is 306 times higher than the tolerable daily intake of uranium estimated by World Health Organization. Compliance with the public health regulations in radiation safety does not guarantee that the annual intake of uranium by population would not exceed the tolerable toxicity levels indicated by World Health Organization. Therefore, the established value of the annual intake limit of 238U for the population needs to be revised taking into account the recent World Health Organization publications and the research results in the field of chemical toxicity of uranium. The revised value could be incorporated to the system of establishing the permissible atmospheric releases levels of radioactive substances.Π’ настоящСС врСмя установлСниС Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ допустимых выбросов 238U Π² атмосфСрный Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ… проводится ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° основС критСрия Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ воздСйствия Π½Π° насСлСниС. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом ΠΏΠΎ своСму токсичСскому Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡŽ ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½ относится ΠΊ 1-ΠΌΡƒ классу опасности (Ρ‡Ρ€Π΅Π·Π²Ρ‹Ρ‡Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ опасныС химичСскиС вСщСства). ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ сравнСниС ограничСния выброса 238U Π² атмосфСрный Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ… с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ воздСйствия, с использованиСм Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ расчСта ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ допустимых выбросов ΠΈ с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ химичСской токсичности ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½Π°. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ допустимый выброс 238U, рассчитанный ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡŽ соблюдСния Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ облучСния насСлСния, Π² 100–250 Ρ€Π°Π· Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ максимального выброса, ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡŽ химичСской токсичности ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½Π°. УстановлСнный Π² НРБ-99/2009 ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π» Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поступлСния 238U с ΠΏΠΈΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ для насСлСния 8400 Π‘ΠΊ/Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ условии Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поступлСния соотвСтствуСт 184 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/ΠΊΠ³ массы Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π° Π² сутки для ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ возрастной Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π’ΠžΠ— ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ допустимого суточного поступлСния ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ токсичности Π² 306 Ρ€Π°Π·. БоблюдСниС санитарных ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π² области Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ бСзопасности насСлСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ выбросов 238U Π½Π΅ Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ поступлСниС ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½Π° Π² ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ прСвысит бСзопасных ΠΏΠΎ токсичности ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π’ΠžΠ—. НСобходимо провСсти Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ установлСнного значСния ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поступлСния 238U для насСлСния с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ соврСмСнных ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π’ΠžΠ— ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² исслСдований Π² области токсичности ΡƒΡ€Π°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΡ€Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² систСму нормирования ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ допустимых выбросов Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… вСщСств Π² атмосфСрный Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡƒΡ…

    A system of dose-effects relationships for the northern wildlife: Radiation protection criteria

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    The key issue in the assessment system for radiation protection of wildlife is the establishment of dose-effects relationships for reference representatives of natural biota. Within the frame of the EC Project EPIC β€œEnvironmental Protection from Ionizing Contaminants" (2000-2003), a database has been created, which includes about 1600 records from 440 publications in Russian on the dose-effects relationships in wildlife from northern-temperate climatic zones. The EPIC database β€œRadiation effects on biota" is based on Russian/FSU experimental and field studies; chronic/lifetime exposures are the focus of the data collection. The database information covers a very wide range of radiation dose rates to biota: from below 1E(-5) Gy d-1 up to more than 1 Gy d-1. A great variety of radiation effects are registered in the EPIC database, from stimulation at low doses up to death from acute radiation syndrome at high doses. The paper presents the dose-effects relationships for northern wildlife in the conditions of low-LET chronic irradiation. The system of dose-effects relationships forms the scale of severity of radiation effects at increasing levels of chronic radiation exposure. The system can be used as a basis for establishing criteria for radiation protection of the Northern wildlife

    Methodology for radioecological assessment of radionuclides permissible levels in the seas - protection of human and marine biota

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    The methodology of radioecological assessment was developed for radionuclides permissible levels in sea waters. The control concentrations were calculated under the following conditions: exposure from consumption of marine foodstuffs should not exceed 10 % of the permissible dose limit. Radiation doses to marine biota of lower than 1 % of the lethal dose or significant dose of chronic exposure are assumed not to lead to a significant impact on populations or communities. Hygienic criteria are more rigid than radioecological ones for most radionuclides. Real concentrations of radionuclides (90Sr, 137Cs, 239Pu, 240Pu and some others) in sea water are 103-104 times lower than control concentrations. The proposed control concentrations of radionuclides in sea water, ensuring the radiation safety of the population, ensure the radiation safety of marine flora and fauna as well

    Radioecological impact from radionuclide releases into the rivers

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    The radiological impacts from radionuclide releases into Techa, and Yenisei Rivers in Russia are discussed. The dose assessments for human and natural biota are calculated using the methodology of multiple pathways of exposure. In the Mayak complex area the collective dose to the Techa River population during 1949-1956 was 6,200 man-Sv. The collective dose from radioactive discharges of the Krasnoyarsk complex into Yenisei River during the period 1958-1991 was about 1,200 man-Sv. A major contributor to this dose was consumption of the fish from Yenisei River (about 70 %). The doses to the natural biota are considerably higher than those to humans by a factor of 10-1000. This difference is most pronounced in the periods of significant radioactive releases. Especially high levels of exposure to biota were demonstrated for Techa River in the period of maximum discharges of radionuclides. A dose rate level of 10 mGy/day to natural biota was exceeded

    Issues of establishing the permissible discharge levels of <sup>238</sup>U to surface waters taking into account its radiation and toxic effects

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    At present, discharges of 238U to surface waters by nuclear industry enterprises are limited by radiation factor. Registration and control of 238U discharges to water bodies is performed in units of radioactivity (Bq/year) according to the current permit for the water discharge of radioactive substances. At the same time, uranium belongs to the 1st hazard class by its chemical toxicity (extremely dangerous chemicals), it has hygienic standard for content in surface waters. A comparison was made for the limitation of 238U intake to surface waters, taking into account radiation exposure and chemical toxicity. Activity concentration of 238U in water was calculated, at which the annual dose for a critical population group from water use would be 0,1 mSv/year (scenario 1 – the water object is used for drinking water supply) or 1 mSv/year (scenario 2 – the water object is not used for drinking water supply). The calculated activity concentrations were expressed in units of mass concentrations and compared with the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water, established in Russia, 15 mkg/L. It is shown that compliance with the radiation safety norms does not automatically guarantee compliance with the current hygienic standards for limiting the toxic effects of uranium on population and the environment. The concentration of 238U in water producing the annual dose to population 0,1 mSv taking into account all exposure pathways, exceeds the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water by 15 times. If water body is not used for drinking water supply, the calculated concentration of 238U in water producing the annual dose to population 1 mSv, is higher than the maximum permissible concentration of uranium in water by 1500 times. The restrictions imposed by the current hygienic standards for the chemical toxicity of uranium could reduce the permissible discharge levels of 238U to surface waters. It is necessary to develop environmental quality standards for 238U, taking into account its chemical toxicity, and include them to the system of establishment of permissible discharge limits of radioactive substances

    Assessment of doses for Arctic marine biota

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    The objectives of this paper are the presentation of site-specific radioecological information and development of models, which can be used to calculate doses to Arctic marine biota. The methodology of calculating doses from Ξ±, Ξ², and Ξ³-emitters is presented. This methodology is realized in form of computer code DOSBIO, and model parameters are evaluated. The following annual doses to biota are calculated: internal dose from radionuclides incorporated in the organisms; external dose from contaminated water; external dose from contaminated bottom sediments; total dose as a sum of internal and external doses. Dose conversion factors are calculated for 15 species of marine biota, including fish, sea mammals, molluscs. The list of species includes cod, plaice, haddock, herring, redfish, Greenland halibut, char, saithe, Greenland seal, white whale, ringed seal, bearded seal, and others. The calculations are performed for adult representatives of each species. Calculated dose conversion factors are presented for 11 different radionuclides (H-3, C-14, K-40, Sr-90, Tc-99, Sb-124, Cs-137, Eu-152, Po-210, Pu-239, Am-241). The current and potential doses to marine biota from the Barents and Kara Seas are estimated
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